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FIRST DIVISION

G.R. No. 93640 January 7, 1994

TAY CHUN SUY, Petitioner, v. COURT OF APPEALS AND DEVELOPMENT BANK OF THE PHILIPPINES, Respondents.

Ponce Enrile, Cayetano, Reyes & Manalastas and Joaquin "Bobby" Yuseco for petitioner.chanrobles virtual law library

Eddie M. Laurente for private respondent.

BELLOSILLO, J.:

As between the buyer of a vessel at a prior extrajudicial foreclosure and the buyer at a subsequent auction sale, both buyers failing to register their transactions, who has a better right of dominion over the vessel?chanrobles virtual law library

On 9 May 1978, Sta. Clara Lumber Co., Inc. (SCLC), obtained a loan of P18,514,357.56 from private respondent Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP). As security for the loan, SCLC mortgaged some of its properties, among which was a vessel, MV Sta. Clara I . Upon SCLC's failure to pay the loan, the mortgage was foreclosed. On 18 August 1982, the Clerk of Court and Provincial Sheriff Ex-Officio of Sultan Kudarat, Aurelio M. Rendon, conducted an auction sale and sold the vessel to DBP for P3,600,000.00. He thereafter issued a certificate of sale dated 18 August 1982 in favor of DBP. ¹ However, DBP did not register with the Philippine Coast Guard the mortgage; neither the foreclosure nor the auction sale.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

In December 1983, DBP and Sta. Clara Housing Industries, Inc. (SCHI), entered into a Lease/Purchase Agreement ² which provided that DBP should lease some of the former properties of SCLC, including MV Sta. Clara I, to the latter and transfer actual ownership over these properties upon completion by the lessee of the stipulated lease/purchase payment.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

On 10 July 1986, petitioner caused the levy and attachment of the same vessel, MV Sta. Clara I, in order to satisfy a judgment rendered by the Regional Trial Court, Br. XII, Davao City, in Civil Case No. 15970, "Tay Chun Suy v. Sta. Clara Lumber Co., Inc." At the time of the levy, the coastwise license of the vessel was in the name of Sta. Clara Lumber Co., Inc.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

On the scheduled date of the execution sale, Atty. Necitas Kintanar, counsel for SCHI, verbally informed Deputy Sheriff Manases M. Reyes, Jr., who was to conduct the sale, that MV Sta. Clara I was no longer owned by SCLC but by DBP pursuant to a prior extrajudicial foreclosure sale. Despite such information, Sheriff Reyes, Jr., proceeded with the sale and awarded the vessel to petitioner for P317,000.00. ³chanrobles virtual law library

Meanwhile, on 23 July 1986, MV Sta. Clara I was again levied upon and attached by Deputy Sheriff Alfonso M. Zamora by virtue of a writ of attachment issued by the Regional Trial Court, Br. XI, Cebu City, in Civil Case
No. CEB-5162, "Philippine Trigon Shipyard Shipping Corp. v. Sta. Clara Housing Industries, Inc., et al." ⁴ On 24 July 1986, the same court issued an order appointing Philippine Trigon Shipyard Shipping Corporation as depository of the attached vessel with authority to operate the vessel temporarily. MV Sta. Clara I was then taken from the port of Davao City to Cebu City.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Upon being informed of the execution sale to petitioner, DBP filed a complaint before the Regional Trial Court, Br. XVII, Davao City, for annulment of the execution sale, recovery of possession, damages and attorney's fees with prayer for restraining order and preliminary injunction. ⁵Petitioner moved to dismiss the complaint for alleged lack of jurisdiction, cause of action and/or legal personality to sue on the part of DBP. ⁶chanrobles virtual law library

On 28 October 1986, the court denied the motion to dismiss but granted DBP's prayer for a writ of preliminary injunction. ⁷Petitioner moved for reconsideration of the denial but on 19 November 1986, the motion was likewise denied. ⁸chanrobles virtual law library

Forthwith, petitioner filed with the Court of Appeals a petition for certiorari and mandamus with prohibition assailing the Orders of 28 October and 19 November 1986 of the trial court. On 11 March 1987, the Court of Appeals dismissed the petition. ⁹chanrobles virtual law library

Petitioner appealed to this Court by way of a petition for review on certiorari, docketed as G.R. No. 78383, "Tay Chun Suy vs. Development Bank of the Philippines, et al." In the resolution of 28 September 1987 (not 30 September 1987), the Third Division of this Court denied the petition for lack of merit. ¹⁰chanrobles virtual law library

On 4 December 1987, the trial court issued a decision which, among other matters, declared that DBP was the lawful owner of MV Sta. Clara I and that the public auction sale conducted by Deputy Sheriff Manases Reyes, Jr., on 16 July 1986 and the resultant certificate of sale were null and void. ¹¹chanrobles virtual law library

On 16 December 1987, petitioner sought recourse to the Court of Appeals. On 28 February 1990, the appellate court dismissed his appeal. ¹² On 23 May 1990, the motion to reconsider the dismissal was denied. ¹³chanrobles virtual law library

Hence, this petition for review on certiorari. Petitioner contends that the Court of Appeals erred (1) in finding that the sheriff's auction sale of the vessel did not enjoy the presumption of regularity; and (2) in affirming the decision
of the trial court declaring DBP as the true and exclusive owner of MV Sta. Clara I. ¹⁴chanrobles virtual law library

Well-entrenched is the rule that factual findings of the trial court, as well as those of the Court of Appeals, are entitled to great weight and respect. ¹⁵ This rule once more finds application in the case at bar.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

The records show that SCHI, lessee of the vessel, is an entity separate from SCLC, and was not a party to the case filed by petitioner against the
latter. ¹⁶ Yet, SCHI was furnished, on a Saturday, copy of the auction sale of MV Sta. Clara I . Sta. Clara Lumber Co., Inc., which was the proper party, does not appear to have been notified. Upon being informed of the auction sale, counsel for SCHI immediately went to the auction site and requested that the sale be reset that day on the ground that SCLC was no longer the owner of the vessel. To support this claim, the Manager of SCHI hurriedly left for her office to secure a copy of the certificate of sale in favor of DBP as this was demanded by the sheriff. ¹⁷chanrobles virtual law library

Given the circumstances obtaining in this case, a delay of a few hours could not have prejudiced petitioner. A sheriff's ministerial duty to conduct an auction sale is not without any limitation. In the performance of this duty, he is deemed to know what is inherently right and inherently wrong. Nonetheless, Sheriff Reyes, Jr., upon the persistent proddings of petitioner, proceeded with the auction sale. His poor judgment alone would not have caused any suspicion of bias. However, his precipitate action taken together with the anomalous proceedings that ensued, and the haste with which he delivered the certificate of sale to petitioner in the afternoon of the day of the auction sale lead to the inevitable conclusion that the whole operation was contrived to benefit petitioner. ¹⁸The handwritten Minutes (Exh. "D") of the auction sale clearly indicate the haste with which they were prepared, a telltale evidence of the anomalous conduct of the proceedings. On its face, one cannot determine the name of the successful bidder of the vessel. The 16 July 1986 minutes ¹⁹ read:

M I N U T E S

Time: 10:15 o'clock in the morning.
Conducting Officer: Sheriff Reyes
Present:

Plaintiff (Bidder) 100,000 - 250,000
140,000 - 270,000

Atty. Positos 180,000 - 290,000
220,000 - 300,000

Atty. Kintanar 240,000 - 310,000

Mr. Ang (Bidder) 245,000 - 315,000

Mr. Arceo (Bidder) 317,000 - Winner

Mr. Ang (Davao Metal Enterprises)

Al - 120,000 - 246,000 311,000
160,000 - 251,000 315,000
200,000 - 272,000
225,000 - 291,000
242,000 - 310,000

xxx xxx xxx

Sold to Plaintiff - P317,000

The minutes became even more vague when Sheriff Reyes, Jr., testified that there were only three bidders. From the minutes, however, we find that all those present offered bids as there were amounts placed opposite their names -

Atty. Fabro, counsel for DBP:chanrobles virtual law library

Q: Atty. Positos, counsel for the defendant also bidded, it seems to me?chanrobles virtual law library

Sheriff Reyes, Jr.:chanrobles virtual law library

A: That is, Atty. Positos was present.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Q: After the word - Present: is the word Plaintiff (Bidder), are we to understand or are we made to believe that these people here bidded because there are amounts corresponding to their names?chanrobles virtual law library

A: No, actually Mr. Ang, Mr. Arceo and the plaintiff bidded actually during the auction sale.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Q: Why is it that corresponding to the name of Atty. Positos here there are amounts here -

140,000 - 270,000
180,000 - 290,000
220,000 - 300,000

and Atty. Kintanar, 240,000 - 310,000?chanrobles virtual law library

A: Atty. Kintanar never gave his bid, he just observed the proceedings of the auction sale.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Q: How come you stated in the minutes that there are amounts opposite their names there?chanrobles virtual law library

A: They were present at that time.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Q: Why was it that opposite their names appear some amounts here if they did not actually bid during the auction sale, what is the use of this (sic) amounts here?chanrobles virtual law library

A: We put that only in the paper that they are (sic) present.
Atty. Positos and Atty. Kintanar were really present at that time and only Mr. Ang, Mr. Arceo and the plaintiff were the regular bidders of the auction sale.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Q: So you believe that should be the only thing that should appear there in the minutes as what you have placed there?chanrobles virtual law library

A: That is our procedure in the making of minutes, we have placed there those present, the bidders, we have different style in making minutes.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Q: We have seen other minutes prepared by others. . .chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

COURT:chanrobles virtual law library

Do not argue, he said that is how he prepares minutes. Ask him only insofar as what is relevant in this case.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

ATTY. FABRO:chanrobles virtual law library

Q: When you stated here - Mr. Ang, are you referring to the Chairman who bought the vessel?chanrobles virtual law library

ATTY. APORTADERA:chanrobles virtual law library

The question is misleading, counsel is referring to Mr. Ang who bought the vessel? That is misleading.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

ATTY. FABRO:chanrobles virtual law library

I am asking him your Honor.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Q: Who is this Mr. Ang?chanrobles virtual law library

A: A bidder.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Q: He also bidded?chanrobles virtual law library

A: Yes.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Q: His bid was 245,000 - 315,000?chanrobles virtual law library

A: Yes, sir.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Q: There is also this Mr. Arceo, Mr. Arceo bidded also?chanrobles virtual law library

A: Yes, sir.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Q: Will you please explain to the Honorable Court why is it that the name of Mr. Arceo (Bidder) here there appears the amount of P317,000 and there is the word - Winner? Would you please try to explain to the Honorable Court what are those entries there ?

A: Mr. Ang's bid starts here from the amount P100,00 and plaintiff starts from AL - P120,000.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

ATTY. FABRO:chanrobles virtual law library

May we pray that these entries here found under the word - Present: be marked as Exhibit "D-2".chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

COURT:chanrobles virtual law library

Mark it.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

ATTY. FABRO:chanrobles virtual law library

And we would also like to have this (sic) words: "Sold to Plaintiff P317,000" encircled and marked Exhibit "D-3".chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

COURT:chanrobles virtual law library

Mark it.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

ATTY. FABRO:chanrobles virtual law library

We would like to manifest your Honor that on the basis of this (sic) minutes submitted by Deputy Sheriff Manases Reyes, there appears here no name of Buyer, although it stated here that it was sold to plaintiff for P317,000.00.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

This counsel is wondering where is the name of the buyer who bought the vessel, your Honor ²⁰(Emphasis supplied)

Significantly, the above testimony of Sheriff Reyes, Jr., to the effect that Atty. Positos did not participate in the bidding was rebutted by the latter. ²¹In view of the ambiguity of the minutes, the trial court was constrained to ask clarificatory questions from Sheriff Reyes, Jr. -

COURT:

Q: The highest bidder, who is the plaintiff here as the highest bidder?

A: AL.chanrobles virtual law library

Q: Who is this AL?

A: AL is the plaintiff.chanrobles virtual law library

Q: What is the name of AL, you stated there AL, what does that mean?

Q: Actually there is some significance of the word AL as far as you are concerned?

A: Yes, sir.chanrobles virtual law library

Q: What is that AL?

A: Initial (sic) of plaintiff.chanrobles virtual law library

Q: Why did you not record the full name of the plaintiff there as the name of the highest bidder?

A: I only put there the initial (sic) during the proceedings.

xxx xxx xxx

Q: On the face of your minutes I can say that this is not the proper minutes that should be done by any Sheriff. You should even type your minutes after the auction sale in order to inform any person later on what actually happened during the proceedings. Even in stating merely the name of the plaintiff, you just place here - AL, what is the significance of this AL, when you know that he is supposed to be the plaintiff . He is the plaintiff-bidder but you placed there only AL.chanrobles virtual law library

Now, in your certificate of sale what did you state there as the highest bidder?

A: The name of the plaintiff.chanrobles virtual law library

Q: Do you have a certificate of sale?

A: Yes, sir. (Witness hands to the Court carbon original of a copy of the certificate of sale).chanrobles virtual law library

Q: Do you have in the records copy of this certificate of sale?

A: Yes, Your Honor.chanrobles virtual law library

Q: You stated here that you awarded the vessel to Tay Chun Suy, as he is the highest bidder. You stated in your certificate of sale - the Plaintiff herein was the successful bidder who offered his oral bid in the amount of P317,000.00 you are basing this statement of yours from the minutes of July 16, 1986, is that correct?

A: Yes, Your Honor.chanrobles virtual law library

Q: Why did you not state in your certificate of sale that this AL is actually the one you referred her as Tay Chun Suy, are you not aware that that is the very material where you based your certificate of sale and that the certificate of sale will tally with the minutes of your proceedings - of the auction sale?

(No answer).chanrobles virtual law library

COURT:

You are not only to explain that, you have to explain why your certificate of sale does not tally with your minutes, you awarded the vessel to one Tay Chun Suy while what appears in your minutes is that a certain AL . . . (emphasis supplied) ²²

The procedure followed by Sheriff Reyes, Jr., was patently irregular. The unexplained inconsistencies in the minutes and the certificate of sale are so material as to affect the integrity of the whole proceedings. Noteworthy, too, is the fact that the Minutes (Exh. "D") do not mention the request of counsel for SCHI for deferment of the auction sale. While the request was made prior to the auction sale, the trial court was correct in its observation that the same should have been entered in the minutes because of its importance and relevance to the sale. ²³ Under these circumstances, the ruling of the appellate court sustaining the trial court on the nullity of the auction sale cannot be faulted.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Petitioner vigorously maintains that the failure of DBP to register its title to MV Sta. Clara I with the Philippine Coast Guard is fatal to its claim of ownership. Likewise, he raises doubts as to whether the trial court has jurisdiction to issue the writ of preliminary injunction. ²⁴chanrobles virtual law library

In G.R. No. 78383, we rejected these arguments in our resolution of
28 September 1987 -

The respondent appellate court correctly held that the Regional Trial Court of Davao City, Branch 17, had jurisdiction over the action brought in Civil Case No. 18188 concerning the vessel herein involved which was allegedly purchased by petitioner in an execution sale, and which execution sale was the result of the judgment rendered by Branch 12 of the same Regional Trial Court in Civil Case No. 15970. Branch 17, Regional Trial Court of Davao City, did not undertake to annul the judgment of the Regional Trial Court of Davao City, Branch 12, jurisdiction to annul belonging to the Court of Appeals. Respondent appellate court also correctly held that a certificate of registration of ownership of a vessel is only presumptive evidence that the registered owner has a legal title to the vessel, and that DBP's failure to register with the Philippine Coast Guard its prior acquisition of the vessel is not fatal to its ownership of said vessel, vis-a-vis petitioner herein, who similarly failed to register the alleged subsequent sale of the vessel to itself (sic) in an execution sale. ²⁵chanrobles virtual law library

This resolution is now final and executory. The question of whether the non-registration by DBP is fatal to its claim to the vessel or whether the trial court has jurisdiction over the action should no longer be raised anew. Once a case has been decided one way, then another case involving exactly the same point at issue should be decided in the same manner. ²⁶ At any rate, our ruling in Santos v. Bayhon ²⁷should put to rest petitioner's doubt as to the jurisdiction of the trial court -

The general rule that no court has the power to interfere by injunction with the judgments or decrees of another court with concurrent or coordinate jurisdiction possessing equal power to grant injunctive relief, applies only when no third-party claimant is involved (Traders Royal Bank v. Intermediate Appellate Court, 133 SCRA 142). When a
third-party, or a stranger to the action, asserts a claim over the property levied upon, the claimant may vindicate his claim by an independent action in the proper civil court which may stop the execution of the judgment on property not belonging to the judgment debtor. (emphasis supplied)

Further, petitioner contends that he is a bona fide purchaser for value at the auction sale and that he came to know about the acquisition by DBP only upon its filing of complaint for annulment of the execution sale. ²⁸chanrobles virtual law library

The evidence on record belies such contention. Before the auction sale started, counsel for petitioner was already aware of the cloud on the title of SCLC to the vessel as shown hereunder -

Atty. Fabros, counsel for DBP:chanrobles virtual law library

Q: But you know for a fact that Atty. Kintanar requested for the postponement of the auction sale in the afternoon because they were filing a third party claim or that they will still inform DBP of that pending sale, you know that?

Atty. Positos, counsel for petitioner:chanrobles virtual law library

A: No, because it was Atty. Kintanar and the sheriff who were talking and I only interfered to proceed with the sale considering there was no formal third party claim.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Q: You want to tell the Honorable Court that during all the time you were ignorant of the proceedings that they were making?chanrobles virtual law library

A: No, sir, the conversation is only between the sheriff and
Atty. Kintanar and the sheriff informed me afterwards but I did not personally talk to Atty. Kintanar.

xxx xxx xxx

Court:chanrobles virtual law library

Q: You are sure that during that proceedings of the auction sale,
Atty. Kintanar made it known to the sheriff that the vessel is already owned by DBP?chanrobles virtual law library

A: That is the allegation.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Q: The question can be answered with yes or no?chanrobles virtual law library

A: Yes, sir.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Q: And you also heard Atty. Kintanar requesting the sheriff to postpone the proceedings in the afternoon?chanrobles virtual law library

A: I was informed by the sheriff only.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Q: By the way, how far were you from Atty. Kintanar and the sheriff during the actual proceedings?chanrobles virtual law library

A: Before the actual auction sale there was a conversation between Atty. Kintanar and the sheriff, but I was already around 4 or 5 meters away. (emphasis supplied). ²⁹

Notwithstanding his knowledge of the prior claim of DBP, petitioner insisted that the sheriff proceeded with the auction sale. Under the
caveat emptor rule, he assumed the risk of losing the vessel because his right to it cannot be considered superior to that of DBP. As we held in one case, ³⁰ an execution creditor generally acquires no higher or better right than what the execution debtor has in the property levied upon. It follows then that if the judgment debtor had no interest in the property, the execution creditor acquires no interest therein.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Moreover, petitioner is now estopped from denying knowledge of the prior claim of DBP to the vessel in the light of his judicial admission. Thus, the trial court ruled -

By way of factual background, defendant Tay Chun Suy through counsel, admitted all prior proceedings pertinent to the testimony of plaintiff witness, Aurelio Rendon, in order to dispense with his testimony, Exh. "A" to "F" and submarkings for plaintiff, were admitted referring to the foreclosure sale of the subject vessel by the sheriff of Sultan Kudarat province; the certificate of sale and/or corresponding notices required by law, all matters were contained in the Order of this Court dated August 6, 1986.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

In effect, defendant Tay Chun Suy, admitted the ownership of plaintiff over said vessel way back on August 18, 1982. ³¹chanrobles virtual law library

Petitioner takes exception to the aforequoted ruling. He asserts that he never admitted that he knew of DBP's prior acquisition at the time of the execution sale on 16 July 1986.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

Petitioner never challenged this particular ruling in his appeal to the Court of Appeals. Hence, he cannot be allowed to ventilate it now in this proceeding. Points of law, theories, issues and arguments not adequately brought to the attention of the trial court need not be, and ordinarily will not be, considered by a reviewing Court as they cannot be raised for the first time on appeal. ³²chanrobles virtual law library

The evidence on record fully supports the findings of the lower courts. We therefore find no need to discuss the other arguments raised by the petitioner to support his cause.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

WHEREFORE, finding no reversible error in the decision of the court
a quo, the petition for review on certiorari is DISMISSED, with costs against petitioner.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library

SO ORDERED.

Cruz, Davide, Jr. and Quiason, JJ., concur.

Endnotes:

1 Annex "A", Record on Appeal, p. 9.chanrobles virtual law library

2 Annex "B", Ibid., p. 15.chanrobles virtual law library

3 Annex "C", Record on Appeal, p. 25.chanrobles virtual law library

4 Annex "D", Ibid., p. 50.chanrobles virtual law library

5 Record on Appeal, p. 3.chanrobles virtual law library

6 Ibid., pp. 36 and 83.chanrobles virtual law library

7 Ibid., p. 212.chanrobles virtual law library

8 Ibid., p. 163.chanrobles virtual law library

9 Penned by Justice Lorna Lombos-dela Fuente, concurred in by Justices Ricardo J. Francisco and Alfredo L. Benipayo, Eleventh Division; Record on Appeal,
p. 365.chanrobles virtual law library

10 Record on Appeal, p. 372.chanrobles virtual law library

11 Penned by Justice Renato A. Fuentes, RTC, Br. 17, Davao City; Record on Appeal, p. 321.chanrobles virtual law library

12 Penned by then Associate Justice Jose C. Campos, Jr., now retired member of this Court, concurred in by Associate Justices Oscar M. Herrera and Asaali S. Isnani, Fifth Division; Rollo, p. 82.chanrobles virtual law library

13 Rollo, p. 93.chanrobles virtual law library

14 Ibid., p. 19.chanrobles virtual law library

15 Ramos v. Court of Appeals, G.R. Nos. 64129-31, 18 November 1991, 203 SCRA 657, 668.chanrobles virtual law library

16 TSN, 4 September 1986, p. 26.chanrobles virtual law library

17 Ibid., p. 25.chanrobles virtual law library

18 Cf. Machinery & Engineering Supplies, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, 96 Phil. 70, 74 (1954), where the sheriffs were already notified that the machineries and equipment were not personal properties and therefore not subject to seizure by the terms of the order. Nonetheless, upon directive of the president of petitioner, the sheriffs dismantled the equipment. This Court agreed with the appellate court that while the question of whether the machineries are personal properties is one of law too technical to decide on the spot, it would not have cost the sheriff too much time and difficulty to bring the latter to the court's attention and have the equipment and machineries guarded, so as not to frustrate the trial court's order of seizure. But, acting upon the directives of the president of petitioner, to seize the properties at any cost, the deputy sheriffs lent themselves as instrument to harass and embarrass the respondent company.chanrobles virtual law library

19 Exh. "D" for Plaintiff DBP.chanrobles virtual law library

20 TSN, 16 September 1986, pp. 41-44.chanrobles virtual law library

21 TSN, 1 October 1986, p. 78.chanrobles virtual law library

22 TSN, 16 September 1986, pp. 44, 54-55.chanrobles virtual law library

23 Ibid., p. 53.chanrobles virtual law library

24 Rollo, pp. 29, 193-194.chanrobles virtual law library

25 Supra, p. 4.chanrobles virtual law library

26 Pines City Educational Center v. The National Labor Relations Commission
(Third Division), G.R. No. 96779, 10 November 1993.chanrobles virtual law library

27 G.R. No. 88643, 23 July 1991, 199 SCRA 525, 528.chanrobles virtual law library

28 Rollo, pp. 158-160.chanrobles virtual law library

29 TSN, 1 October 1986, pp. 76 and 80.chanrobles virtual law library

30 Pacheco v. Court of Appeals, L-48689, 31 August 1987, 153 SCRA 382, 388-389.chanrobles virtual law library

31 Record on Appeal, p. 334.chanrobles virtual law library

32 Santos v. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No. 74243, 14 November 1986,
145 SCRA 592, 595.