14 C.F.R. Subpart B—Flight
Title 14 - Aeronautics and Space
Each requirement of this subpart must be met at each appropriate combination of weight and center of gravity within the range of loading conditions for which certification is requested. This must be shown— (a) By tests upon a rotorcraft of the type for which certification is requested, or by calculations based on, and equal in accuracy to, the results of testing; and (b) By systematic investigation of each required combination of weight and center of gravity, if compliance cannot be reasonably inferred from combinations investigated. [Doc. No. 5084, 29 FR 16150, Dec. 3, 1964, as amended by Amdt. 29–24, 49 FR 44435, Nov. 6, 1984] (a) Maximum weight. The maximum weight (the highest weight at which compliance with each applicable requirement of this part is shown) or, at the option of the applicant, the highest weight for each altitude and for each practicably separable operating condition, such as takeoff, enroute operation, and landing, must be established so that it is not more than— (1) The highest weight selected by the applicant; (2) The design maximum weight (the highest weight at which compliance with each applicable structural loading condition of this part is shown); or (3) The highest weight at which compliance with each applicable flight requirement of this part is shown. (b) Minimum weight. The minimum weight (the lowest weight at which compliance with each applicable requirement of this part is shown) must be established so that it is not less than— (1) The lowest weight selected by the applicant; (2) The design minimum weight (the lowest weight at which compliance with each structural loading condition of this part is shown); or (3) The lowest weight at which compliance with each applicable flight requirement of this part is shown. (c) Total weight with jettisonable external load. A total weight for the rotorcraft with a jettisonable external load attached that is greater than the maximum weight established under paragraph (a) of this section may be established for any rotorcraft-load combination if— (1) The rotorcraft-load combination does not include human external cargo, (2) Structural component approval for external load operations under either §29.865 or under equivalent operational standards is obtained, (3) The portion of the total weight that is greater than the maximum weight established under paragraph (a) of this section is made up only of the weight of all or part of the jettisonable external load, (4) Structural components of the rotorcraft are shown to comply with the applicable structural requirements of this part under the increased loads and stresses caused by the weight increase over that established under paragraph (a) of this section, and (5) Operation of the rotorcraft at a total weight greater than the maximum certificated weight established under paragraph (a) of this section is limited by appropriate operating limitations under §29.865 (a) and (d) of this part. [Doc. No. 5084, 29 FR 16150, Dec. 3, 1964, as amended by Amdt. 29–12, 41 FR 55471, Dec. 20, 1976; Amdt. 29–43, 64 FR 43020, Aug. 6, 1999] The extreme forward and aft centers of gravity and, where critical, the extreme lateral centers of gravity must be established for each weight established under §29.25. Such an extreme may not lie beyond— (a) The extremes selected by the applicant; (b) The extremes within which the structure is proven; or (c) The extremes within which compliance with the applicable flight requirements is shown. [Amdt. 29–3, 33 FR 965, Jan. 26, 1968] (a) The empty weight and corresponding center of gravity must be determined by weighing the rotorcraft without the crew and payload, but with— (1) Fixed ballast; (2) Unusable fuel; and (3) Full operating fluids, including— (i) Oil; (ii) Hydraulic fluid; and (iii) Other fluids required for normal operation of rotorcraft systems, except water intended for injection in the engines. (b) The condition of the rotorcraft at the time of determining empty weight must be one that is well defined and can be easily repeated, particularly with respect to the weights of fuel, oil, coolant, and installed equipment. (Secs. 313(a), 601, 603, 604, and 605 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (49 U.S.C. 1354(a), 1421, 1423, 1424, and 1425); and sec. 6(c) of the Dept. of Transportation Act (49 U.S.C. 1655(c))) [Doc. No. 5084, 29 FR 16150. Dec. 3, 1964, as amended by Amdt. 29–15, 43 FR 2326, Jan. 16, 1978] Removable ballast may be used in showing compliance with the flight requirements of this subpart. (a) Main rotor speed limits. A range of main rotor speeds must be established that— (1) With power on, provides adequate margin to accommodate the variations in rotor speed occurring in any appropriate maneuver, and is consistent with the kind of governor or synchronizer used; and (2) With power off, allows each appropriate autorotative maneuver to be performed throughout the ranges of airspeed and weight for which certification is requested. (b) Normal main rotor high pitch limit (power on). For rotorcraft, except helicopters required to have a main rotor low speed warning under paragraph (e) of this section, it must be shown, with power on and without exceeding approved engine maximum limitations, that main rotor speeds substantially less than the minimum approved main rotor speed will not occur under any sustained flight condition. This must be met by— (1) Appropriate setting of the main rotor high pitch stop; (2) Inherent rotorcraft characteristics that make unsafe low main rotor speeds unlikely; or (3) Adequate means to warn the pilot of unsafe main rotor speeds. (c) Normal main rotor low pitch limit (power off). It must be shown, with power off, that— (1) The normal main rotor low pitch limit provides sufficient rotor speed, in any autorotative condition, under the most critical combinations of weight and airspeed; and (2) It is possible to prevent overspeeding of the rotor without exceptional piloting skill. (d) Emergency high pitch. If the main rotor high pitch stop is set to meet paragraph (b)(1) of this section, and if that stop cannot be exceeded inadvertently, additional pitch may be made available for emergency use. (e) Main rotor low speed warning for helicopters. For each single engine helicopter, and each multiengine helicopter that does not have an approved device that automatically increases power on the operating engines when one engine fails, there must be a main rotor low speed warning which meets the following requirements: (1) The warning must be furnished to the pilot in all flight conditions, including power-on and power-off flight, when the speed of a main rotor approaches a value that can jeopardize safe flight. (2) The warning may be furnished either through the inherent aerodynamic qualities of the helicopter or by a device. (3) The warning must be clear and distinct under all conditions, and must be clearly distinguishable from all other warnings. A visual device that requires the attention of the crew within the cockpit is not acceptable by itself. (4) If a warning device is used, the device must automatically deactivate and reset when the low-speed condition is corrected. If the device has an audible warning, it must also be equipped with a means for the pilot to manually silence the audible warning before the low-speed condition is corrected. (Secs. 313(a), 601, 603, 604, and 605 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (49 U.S.C. 1354(a), 1421, 1423, 1424, and 1425); and sec. 6(c) of the Dept. of Transportation Act (49 U.S.C. 1655(c))) [Doc. No. 5084, 29 FR 16150, Dec. 3, 1964, as amended by Amdt. 29–3, 33 FR 965, Jan. 26, 1968; Amdt. 29–15, 43 FR 2326, Jan. 16, 1978]
Title 14: Aeronautics and Space
PART 29—AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT
Subpart B—Flight
General
§ 29.21 Proof of compliance.
§ 29.25 Weight limits.
§ 29.27 Center of gravity limits.
§ 29.29 Empty weight and corresponding center of gravity.
§ 29.31 Removable ballast.
§ 29.33 Main rotor speed and pitch limits.
Performance
§ 29.45 General.
(a) The performance prescribed in this subpart must be determined—
(1) With normal piloting skill and;
(2) Without exceptionally favorable conditions.
(b) Compliance with the performance requirements of this subpart must be shown—
(1) For still air at sea level with a standard atmosphere and;
(2) For the approved range of atmospheric variables.
(c) The available power must correspond to engine power, not exceeding the approved power, less—
(1) Installation losses; and
(2) The power absorbed by the accessories and services at the values for which certification is requested and approved.
(d) For reciprocating engine-powered rotorcraft, the performance, as affected by engine power, must be based on a relative humidity of 80 percent in a standard atmosphere.
(e) For turbine engine-powered rotorcraft, the performance, as affected by engine power, must be based on a relative humidity of—
(1) 80 percent, at and below standard temperature; and
(2) 34 percent, at and above standard temperature plus 50 °F.
Between these two temperatures, the relative humidity must vary linearly.
(f) For turbine-engine-power rotorcraft, a means must be provided to permit the pilot to detemine prior to takeoff that each engine is capable of developing the power necessary to achieve the applicable rotorcraft performance prescribed in this subpart.
(Secs. 313(a), 601, 603, 604, and 605 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (49 U.S.C. 1354(a), 1421, 1423, 1424, and 1425); and sec. 6(c), Dept. of Transportation Act (49 U.S.C. 1655(c)))
[Doc. No. 5084, 29 FR 16150, Dec. 3, 1964, as amended by Amdt. 29–15, 43 FR 2326, Jan. 16, 1978; Amdt. 29–24, 49 FR 44436, Nov. 6, 1984]
§ 29.49 Performance at minimum operating speed.
(a) For each Category A helicopter, the hovering performance must be determined over the ranges of weight, altitude, and temperature for which takeoff data are scheduled—
(1) With not more than takeoff power;
(2) With the landing gear extended; and
(3) At a height consistent with the procedure used in establishing the takeoff, climbout, and rejected takeoff paths.
(b) For each Category B helicopter, the hovering performance must be determined over the ranges of weight, altitude, and temperature for which certification is requested, with—
(1) Takeoff power;
(2) The landing gear extended; and
(3) The helicopter in ground effect at a height consistent with normal takeoff procedures.
(c) For each helicopter, the out-of-ground effect hovering performance must be determined over the ranges of weight, altitude, and temperature for which certification is requested with takeoff power.
(d) For rotorcraft other than helicopters, the steady rate of climb at the minimum operating speed must be determined over the ranges of weight, altitude, and temperature for which certification is requested with—
(1) Takeoff power; and
(2) The landing gear extended.
[Doc. No. 24802, 61 FR 21898, May 10, 1996; 61 FR 33963, July 1, 1996]
§ 29.51 Takeoff data: general.
(a) The takeoff data required by §§29.53, 29.55, 29.59, 29.60, 29.61, 29.62, 29.63, and 29.67 must be determined—
(1) At each weight, altitude, and temperature selected by the applicant; and
(2) With the operating engines within approved operating limitations.
(b) Takeoff data must—
(1) Be determined on a smooth, dry, hard surface; and
(2) Be corrected to assume a level takeoff surface.
(c) No takeoff made to determine the data required by this section may require exceptional piloting skill or alertness, or exceptionally favorable conditions.
[Doc. No. 5084, 29 FR 16150, Dec. 3, 1964, as amended by Amdt. 29–39, 61 FR 21899, May 10, 1996]
§ 29.53 Takeoff: Category A.
The takeoff performance must be determined and scheduled so that, if one engine fails at any time after the start of takeoff, the rotorcraft can—
(a) Return to, and stop safely on, the takeoff area; or
(b) Continue the takeoff and climbout, and attain a configuration and airspeed allowing compliance with §29.67(a)(2).
[Doc. No. 24802, 61 FR 21899, May 10, 1996; 61 FR 33963, July 1, 1996]
§ 29.55 Takeoff decision point (TDP): Category A.
(a) The TDP is the first point from which a continued takeoff capability is assured under §29.59 and is the last point in the takeoff path from which a rejected takeoff is assured within the distance determined under §29.62.
(b) The TDP must be established in relation to the takeoff path using no more than two parameters; e.g., airspeed and height, to designate the TDP.
(c) Determination of the TDP must include the pilot recognition time interval following failure of the critical engine.
[Doc. No. 24802, 61 FR 21899, May 10, 1996]
§ 29.59 Takeoff path: Category A.
(a) The takeoff path extends from the point of commencement of the takeoff procedure to a point at which the rotorcraft is 1,000 feet above the takeoff surface and compliance with §29.67(a)(2) is shown. In addition—
(1) The takeoff path must remain clear of the height-velocity envelope established in accordance with §29.87;
(2) The rotorcraft must be flown to the engine failure point; at which point, the critical engine must be made inoperative and remain inoperative for the rest of the takeoff;
(3) After the critical engine is made inoperative, the rotorcraft must continue to the takeoff decision point, and then attain VTOSS;
(4) Only primary controls may be used while attaining VTOSS and while establishing a positive rate of climb. Secondary controls that are located on the primary controls may be used after a positive rate of climb and VTOSS are established but in no case less than 3 seconds after the critical engine is made inoperative; and
(5) After attaining VTOSS and a positive rate of a climb, the landing gear may be retracted.
(b) During the takeoff path determination made in accordance with paragraph (a) of this section and after attaining VTOSS and a positive rate of climb, the climb must be continued at a speed as close as practicable to, but not less than, VTOSS until the rotorcraft is 200 feet above the takeoff surface. During this interval, the climb performance must meet or exceed that required by §29.67(a)(1).
(c) During the continued takeoff, the rotorcraft shall not descend below 15 feet above the takeoff surface when the takeoff decision point is above 15 feet.
(d) From 200 feet above the takeoff surface, the rotorcraft takeoff path must be level or positive until a height 1,000 feet above the takeoff surface is attained with not less than the rate of climb required by §29.67(a)(2). Any secondary or auxiliary control may be used after attaining 200 feet above the takeoff surface.
(e) Takeoff distance will be determined in accordance with §29.61.
[Doc. No. 24802, 61 FR 21899, May 10, 1996; 61 FR 33963, July 1, 1996, as amended by Amdt. 29–44, 64 FR 45337, Aug. 19, 1999]
§ 29.60 Elevated heliport takeoff path: Category A.
(a) The elevated heliport takeoff path extends from the point of commencement of the takeoff procedure to a point in the takeoff path at which the rotorcraft is 1,000 feet above the takeoff surface and compliance with §29.67(a)(2) is shown. In addition—
(1) The requirements of §29.59(a) must be met;
(2) While attaining VTOSS and a positive rate of climb, the rotorcraft may descend below the level of the takeoff surface if, in so doing and when clearing the elevated heliport edge, every part of the rotorcraft clears all obstacles by at least 15 feet;
(3) The vertical magnitude of any descent below the takeoff surface must be determined; and
(4) After attaining VTOSS and a positive rate of climb, the landing gear may be retracted.
(b) The scheduled takeoff weight must be such that the climb requirements of §29.67 (a)(1) and (a)(2) will be met.
(c) Takeoff distance will be determined in accordance with §29.61.
[Doc. No. 24802, 61 FR 21899, May 10, 1996; 61 FR 33963, July 1, 1996]
§ 29.61 Takeoff distance: Category A.
(a) The normal takeoff distance is the horizontal distance along the takeoff path from the start of the takeoff to the point at which the rotorcraft attains and remains at least 35 feet above the takeoff surface, attains and maintains a speed of at least VTOSS, and establishes a positive rate of climb, assuming the critical engine failure occurs at the engine failure point prior to the takeoff decision point.
(b) For elevated heliports, the takeoff distance is the horizontal distance along the takeoff path from the start of the takeoff to the point at which the rotorcraft attains and maintains a speed of at least VTOSS and establishes a positive rate of climb, assuming the critical engine failure occurs at the engine failure point prior to the takeoff decision point.
[Doc. No. 24802, 61 FR 21899, May 10, 1996]
§ 29.62 Rejected takeoff: Category A.
The rejected takeoff distance and procedures for each condition where takeoff is approved will be established with—
(a) The takeoff path requirements of §§29.59 and 29.60 being used up to the TDP where the critical engine failure is recognized and the rotorcraft is landed and brought to a complete stop on the takeoff surface;
(b) The remaining engines operating within approved limits;
(c) The landing gear remaining extended throughout the entire rejected takeoff; and
(d) The use of only the primary controls until the rotorcraft is on the ground. Secondary controls located on the primary control may not be used until the rotorcraft is on the ground. Means other than wheel brakes may be used to stop the rotorcraft if the means are safe and reliable and consistent results can be expected under normal operating conditions.
[Doc. No. 24802, 61 FR 21899, May 10, 1996, as amended by Amdt. 29–44, 64 FR 45337, Aug. 19, 1999]
§ 29.63 Takeoff: Category B.
The horizontal distance required to take off and climb over a 50-foot obstacle must be established with the most unfavorable center of gravity. The takeoff may be begun in any manner if—
(a) The takeoff surface is defined;
(b) Adequate safeguards are maintained to ensure proper center of gravity and control positions; and
(c) A landing can be made safely at any point along the flight path if an engine fails.
[Doc. No. 5084, 29 FR 16150, Dec. 3, 1964, as amended by Amdt. 29–12, 41 FR 55471, Dec. 20, 1976]
§ 29.64 Climb: General.
Compliance with the requirements of §§29.65 and 29.67 must be shown at each weight, altitude, and temperature within the operational limits established for the rotorcraft and with the most unfavorable center of gravity for each configuration. Cowl flaps, or other means of controlling the engine-cooling air supply, will be in the position that provides adequate cooling at the temperatures and altitudes for which certification is requested.
[Doc. No. 24802, 61 FR 21900, May 10, 1996]
§ 29.65 Climb: All engines operating.
(a) The steady rate of climb must be determined—
(1) With maximum continuous power;
(2) With the landing gear retracted; and
(3) At Vy for standard sea level conditions and at speeds selected by the applicant for other conditions.
(b) For each Category B rotorcraft except helicopters, the rate of climb determined under paragraph (a) of this section must provide a steady climb gradient of at least 1:6 under standard sea level conditions.
(Secs. 313(a), 601, 603, 604, and 605 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (49 U.S.C. 1354(a), 1421, 1423, 1424, and 1425); and sec. 6(c), Dept. of Transportation Act (49 U.S.C. 1655(c)))
[Doc. No. 5084, 29 FR 16150. Dec. 3, 1964, as amended by Amdt. 29–15, 43 FR 2326, Jan. 16, 1978; Amdt. 29–39, 61 FR 21900, May 10, 1996; 61 FR 33963, July 1, 1996]
§ 29.67 Climb: One engine inoperative (OEI).
(a) For Category A rotorcraft, in the critical takeoff configuration existing along the takeoff path, the following apply:
(1) The steady rate of climb without ground effect, 200 feet above the takeoff surface, must be at least 100 feet per minute for each weight, altitude, and temperature for which takeoff data are to be scheduled with—
(i) The critical engine inoperative and the remaining engines within approved operating limitations, except that for rotorcraft for which the use of 30-second/2-minute OEI power is requested, only the 2-minute OEI power may be used in showing compliance with this paragraph;
(ii) The landing gear extended; and
(iii) The takeoff safety speed selected by the applicant.
(2) The steady rate of climb without ground effect, 1000 feet above the takeoff surface, must be at least 150 feet per minute, for each weight, altitude, and temperature for which takeoff data are to be scheduled with—
(i) The critical engine inoperative and the remaining engines at maximum continuous power including continuous OEI power, if approved, or at 30-minute OEI power for rotorcraft for which certification for use of 30-minute OEI power is requested;
(ii) The landing gear retracted; and
(iii) The speed selected by the applicant.
(3) The steady rate of climb (or descent) in feet per minute, at each altitude and temperature at which the rotorcraft is expected to operate and at any weight within the range of weights for which certification is requested, must be determined with—
(i) The critical engine inoperative and the remaining engines at maximum continuous power including continuous OEI power, if approved, and at 30-minute OEI power for rotorcraft for which certification for the use of 30-minute OEI power is requested;
(ii) The landing gear retracted; and
(iii) The speed selected by the applicant.
(b) For multiengine Category B rotorcraft meeting the Category A engine isolation requirements, the steady rate of climb (or descent) must be determined at the speed for best rate of climb (or minimum rate of descent) at each altitude, temperature, and weight at which the rotorcraft is expected to operate, with the critical engine inoperative and the remaining engines at maximum continuous power including continuous OEI power, if approved, and at 30-minute OEI power for rotorcraft for which certification for the use of 30-minute OEI power is requested.
[Doc. No. 24802, 61 FR 21900, May 10, 1996; 61 FR 33963, July 1, 1996, as amended by Amdt. 29–44, 64 FR 45337, Aug. 19, 1999; 64 FR 47563, Aug. 31, 1999]
§ 29.71 Helicopter angle of glide: Category B.
For each category B helicopter, except multiengine helicopters meeting the requirements of §29.67(b) and the powerplant installation requirements of category A, the steady angle of glide must be determined in autorotation—
(a) At the forward speed for minimum rate of descent as selected by the applicant;
(b) At the forward speed for best glide angle;
(c) At maximum weight; and
(d) At the rotor speed or speeds selected by the applicant.
[Amdt. 29–12, 41 FR 55471, Dec. 20, 1976]
§ 29.75 Landing: General.
(a) For each rotorcraft—
(1) The corrected landing data must be determined for a smooth, dry, hard, and level surface;
(2) The approach and landing must not require exceptional piloting skill or exceptionally favorable conditions; and
(3) The landing must be made without excessive vertical acceleration or tendency to bounce, nose over, ground loop, porpoise, or water loop.
(b) The landing data required by §§29.77, 29.79, 29.81, 29.83, and 29.85 must be determined—
(1) At each weight, altitude, and temperature for which landing data are approved;
(2) With each operating engine within approved operating limitations; and
(3) With the most unfavorable center of gravity.
[Doc. No. 24802, 61 FR 21900, May 10, 1996]
§ 29.77 Landing Decision Point (LDP): Category A.
(a) The LDP is the last point in the approach and landing path from which a balked landing can be accomplished in accordance with §29.85.
(b) Determination of the LDP must include the pilot recognition time interval following failure of the critical engine.
[Doc. No. 24802, 64 FR 45338, Aug. 19, 1999]
§ 29.79 Landing: Category A.
(a) For Category A rotorcraft—
(1) The landing performance must be determined and scheduled so that if the critical engine fails at any point in the approach path, the rotorcraft can either land and stop safely or climb out and attain a rotorcraft configuration and speed allowing compliance with the climb requirement of §29.67(a)(2);
(2) The approach and landing paths must be established with the critical engine inoperative so that the transition between each stage can be made smoothly and safely;
(3) The approach and landing speeds must be selected by the applicant and must be appropriate to the type of rotorcraft; and
(4) The approach and landing path must be established to avoid the critical areas of the height-velocity envelope determined in accordance with §29.87.
(b) It must be possible to make a safe landing on a prepared landing surface after complete power failure occurring during normal cruise.
[Doc. No. 24802, 61 FR 21900, May 10, 1996]
§ 29.81 Landing distance: Category A.
The horizontal distance required to land and come to a complete stop (or to a speed of approximately 3 knots for water landings) from a point 50 ft above the landing surface must be determined from the approach and landing paths established in accordance with §29.79.
[Doc. No. 24802, 64 FR 45338, Aug. 19, 1999]
§ 29.83 Landing: Category B.
(a) For each Category B rotorcraft, the horizontal distance required to land and come to a complete stop (or to a speed of approximately 3 knots for water landings) from a point 50 feet above the landing surface must be determined with—
(1) Speeds appropriate to the type of rotorcraft and chosen by the applicant to avoid the critical areas of the height-velocity envelope established under §29.87; and
(2) The approach and landing made with power on and within approved limits.
(b) Each multiengined Category B rotorcraft that meets the powerplant installation requirements for Category A must meet the requirements of—
(1) Sections 29.79 and 29.81; or
(2) Paragraph (a) of this section.
(c) It must be possible to make a safe landing on a prepared landing surface if complete power failure occurs during normal cruise.
[Doc. No. 24802, 61 FR 21900, May 10, 1996; 61 FR 33963, July 1, 1996]
§ 29.85 Balked landing: Category A.
For Category A rotorcraft, the balked landing path with the critical engine inoperative must be established so that—
(a) The transition from each stage of the maneuver to the next stage can be made smoothly and safely;
(b) From the LDP on the approach path selected by the applicant, a safe climbout can be made at speeds allowing compliance with the climb requirements of §29.67(a)(1) and (2); and
(c) The rotorcraft does not descend below 15 feet above the landing surface. For elevated heliport operations, descent may be below the level of the landing surface provided the deck edge clearance of §29.60 is maintained and the descent (loss of height) below the landing surface is determined.
[Doc. No. 24802, 64 FR 45338, Aug. 19, 1999]
§ 29.87 Height-velocity envelope.
(a) If there is any combination of height and forward velocity (including hover) under which a safe landing cannot be made after failure of the critical engine and with the remaining engines (where applicable) operating within approved limits, a height-velocity envelope must be established for—
(1) All combinations of pressure altitude and ambient temperature for which takeoff and landing are approved; and
(2) Weight from the maximum weight (at sea level) to the highest weight approved for takeoff and landing at each altitude. For helicopters, this weight need not exceed the highest weight allowing hovering out-of-ground effect at each altitude.
(b) For single-engine or multiengine rotorcraft that do not meet the Category A engine isolation requirements, the height-velocity envelope for complete power failure must be established.
[Doc. No. 24802, 61 FR 21901, May 10, 1996; 61 FR 33963, July 1, 1996]
Flight Characteristics
§ 29.141 General.
The rotorcraft must—
(a) Except as specifically required in the applicable section, meet the flight characteristics requirements of this subpart—
(1) At the approved operating altitudes and temperatures;
(2) Under any critical loading condition within the range of weights and centers of gravity for which certification is requested; and
(3) For power-on operations, under any condition of speed, power, and rotor r.p.m. for which certification is requested; and
(4) For power-off operations, under any condition of speed, and rotor r.p.m. for which certification is requested that is attainable with the controls rigged in accordance with the approved rigging instructions and tolerances;
(b) Be able to maintain any required flight condition and make a smooth transition from any flight condition to any other flight condition without exceptional piloting skill, alertness, or strength, and without danger of exceeding the limit load factor under any operating condition probable for the type, including—
(1) Sudden failure of one engine, for multiengine rotorcraft meeting Transport Category A engine isolation requirements;
(2) Sudden, complete power failure, for other rotorcraft; and
(3) Sudden, complete control system failures specified in §29.695 of this part; and
(c) Have any additional characteristics required for night or instrument operation, if certification for those kinds of operation is requested. Requirements for helicopter instrument flight are contained in appendix B of this part.
[Doc. No. 5084, 29 FR 16150, Dec. 8, 1964, as amended by Amdt. 29–3, 33 FR 905, Jan. 26, 1968; Amdt. 29–12, 41 FR 55471, Dec. 20, 1976; Amdt. 29–21, 48 FR 4391, Jan. 31, 1983; Amdt. 29–24, 49 FR 44436, Nov. 6, 1984]
§ 29.143 Controllability and maneuverability.
(a) The rotorcraft must be safely controllable and maneuverable—
(1) During steady flight; and
(2) During any maneuver appropriate to the type, including—
(i) Takeoff;
(ii) Climb;
(iii) Level flight;
(iv) Turning flight;
(v) Glide; and
(vi) Landing (power on and power off).
(b) The margin of cyclic control must allow satisfactory roll and pitch control at V
(1) Critical weight;
(2) Critical center of gravity;
(3) Critical rotor r.p.m.; and
(4) Power off (except for helicopters demonstrating compliance with paragraph (e) of this section) and power on.
(c) A wind velocity of not less than 17 knots must be established in which the rotorcraft can be operated without loss of control on or near the ground in any maneuver appropriate to the type (such as crosswind takeoffs, sideward flight, and rearward flight), with—
(1) Critical weight;
(2) Critical center of gravity; and
(3) Critical rotor r.p.m.
(d) The rotorcraft, after (1) failure of one engine, in the case of multiengine rotorcraft that meet Transport Category A engine isolation requirements, or (2) complete power failure in the case of other rotorcraft, must be controllable over the range of speeds and altitudes for which certification is requested when such power failure occurs with maximum continuous power and critical weight. No corrective action time delay for any condition following power failure may be less than—
(i) For the cruise condition, one second, or normal pilot reaction time (whichever is greater); and
(ii) For any other condition, normal pilot reaction time.
(e) For helicopters for which a V
(1) The helicopter must be safely slowed to V
(2) At a speed of 1.1 V
(Secs. 313(a), 601, 603, 604, and 605 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (49 U.S.C. 1354(a), 1421, 1423, 1424, and 1425); and sec. 6(c) of the Dept. of Transportation Act (49 U.S.C. 1655(c)))
[Doc. No. 5084, 29 FR 16150, Dec. 3, 1964, as amended by Amdt. 29–3, 33 FR 965, Jan. 26, 1968; Amdt. 29–15, 43 FR 2326, Jan. 16, 1978; Amdt. 29–24, 49 FR 44436, Nov. 6, 1984]
§ 29.151 Flight controls.
(a) Longitudinal, lateral, directional, and collective controls may not exhibit excessive breakout force, friction, or preload.
(b) Control system forces and free play may not inhibit a smooth, direct rotorcraft response to control system input.
[Amdt. 29–24, 49 FR 44436, Nov. 6, 1984]
§ 29.161 Trim control.
The trim control—
(a) Must trim any steady longitudinal, lateral, and collective control forces to zero in level flight at any appropriate speed; and
(b) May not introduce any undesirable discontinuities in control force gradients.
[Doc. No. 5084, 29 FR 16150, Dec. 3, 1964, as amended by Amdt. 29–24, 49 FR 44436, Nov. 6, 1984]
§ 29.171 Stability: general.
The rotorcraft must be able to be flown, without undue pilot fatigue or strain, in any normal maneuver for a period of time as long as that expected in normal operation. At least three landings and takeoffs must be made during this demonstration.
§ 29.173 Static longitudinal stability.
(a) The longitudinal control must be designed so that a rearward movement of the control is necessary to obtain a speed less than the trim speed, and a forward movement of the control is necessary to obtain a speed more than the trim speed.
(b) With the throttle and collective pitch held constant during the maneuvers specified in §29.175 (a) through (c), the slope of the control position versus speed curve must be positive throughout the full range of altitude for which certification is requested.
(c) During the maneuver specified in §29.175(d), the longitudinal control position versus speed curve may have a negative slope within the specified speed range if the negative motion is not greater than 10 percent of total control travel.
[Amdt. 29–24, 49 FR 44436, Nov. 6, 1984]
§ 29.175 Demonstration of static longitudinal stability.
(a) Climb. Static longitudinal stability must be shown in the climb condition at speeds from 0.85 VY, or 15 knots below VY, whichever is less, to 1.2 VY or 15 knots above VY, whichever is greater, with—
(1) Critical weight;
(2) Critical center of gravity;
(3) Maximum continuous power;
(4) The landing gear retracted; and
(5) The rotorcraft trimmed at V
(b) Cruise. Static longitudinal stability must be shown in the cruise condition at speeds from 0.7 V
(1) Critical weight;
(2) Critical center of gravity;
(3) Power for level flight at 0.9 V
(4) The landing gear retracted, and
(5) The rotorcraft trimmed at 0.9 V
(c) Autorotation. Static longitudinal stability must be shown in autorotation at airspeeds from 0.5 times the speed for minimum rate of descent, or 0.5 times the maximum range glide speed for Category A rotorcraft, to VNE or to 1.1 VNE (power-off) if VNE (power-off) is established under §29.1505(c), and with—
(1) Critical weight;
(2) Critical center of gravity;
(3) Power off;
(4) The landing gear—
(i) Retracted; and
(ii) Extended; and
(5) The rotorcraft trimmed at appropriate speeds found necessary by the Administrator to demonstrate stability throughout the prescribed speed range.
(d) Hovering. For helicopters, the longitudinal cyclic control must operate with the sense, direction of motion, and position as prescribed in §29.173 between the maximum approved rearward speed and a forward speed of 17 knots with—
(1) Critical weight;
(2) Critical center of gravity;
(3) Power required to maintain an approximate constant height in ground effect;
(4) The landing gear extended; and
(5) The helicopter trimmed for hovering.
(Secs. 313(a), 601, 603, 604, and 605 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (49 U.S.C. 1354(a), 1421, 1423, 1424, and 1425); and sec. 6(c), Dept. of Transportation Act (49 U.S.C. 1655(c)))
[Doc. No. 5084, 29 FR 16150, Dec. 3, 1964, as amended by Amdt. 29–3, 33 FR 966, Jan. 26, 1968; Amdt. 29–12, 41 FR 55471, Dec. 20, 1976; Amdt. 29–15, 43 FR 2327, Jan. 16, 1978; Amdt. 29–24, 49 FR 44436, Nov. 6, 1984]
§ 29.177 Static directional stability.
Static directional stability must be positive with throttle and collective controls held constant at the trim conditions specified in §29.175 (a), (b), and (c). Sideslip angle must increase steadily with directional control deflection for sideslip angles up to ±10° from trim. Sufficient cues must accompany sideslip to alert the pilot when approaching sideslip limits.
[Amdt. 29–24, 49 FR 44436, Nov. 6, 1984]
§ 29.181 Dynamic stability: Category A rotorcraft.
Any short-period oscillation occurring at any speed from VY to VNE must be positively damped with the primary flight controls free and in a fixed position.
[Amdt. 29–24, 49 FR 44437, Nov. 6, 1984]
Ground and Water Handling Characteristics
§ 29.231 General.
The rotorcraft must have satisfactory ground and water handling characteristics, including freedom from uncontrollable tendencies in any condition expected in operation.
§ 29.235 Taxiing condition.
The rotorcraft must be designed to withstand the loads that would occur when the rotorcraft is taxied over the roughest ground that may reasonably be expected in normal operation.
§ 29.239 Spray characteristics.
If certification for water operation is requested, no spray characteristics during taxiing, takeoff, or landing may obscure the vision of the pilot or damage the rotors, propellers, or other parts of the rotorcraft.
§ 29.241 Ground resonance.
The rotorcraft may have no dangerous tendency to oscillate on the ground with the rotor turning.
Miscellaneous Flight Requirements
§ 29.251 Vibration.
Each part of the rotorcraft must be free from excessive vibration under each appropriate speed and power condition.
Browse Previous | Browse Next
