14 C.F.R. Subpart D—Design Construction
Title 14 - Aeronautics and Space
The suitability of each design detail or part that bears on safety must be established by tests or analysis. (a) The suitability and durability of all materials must be established on the basis of experience or tests. Materials must conform to approved specifications that will ensure that they have the strength and other properties assumed in the design data. (b) Material strength properties must be based on enough tests of material conforming to specifications so as to establish design values on a statistical basis. The methods of fabrication used must produce a consistently sound structure. If a fabrication process requires close control to reach this objective, the process must be performed in accordance with an approved process specification. Only approved bolts, pins, screws, and rivets may be used in the structure. Approved locking devices or methods must be used for all these bolts, pins, and screws, unless the installation is shown to be free from vibration. Self-locking nuts may not be used on bolts that are subject to rotation in service. Each part of the balloon must be suitably protected against deterioration or loss of strength in service due to weathering, corrosion, or other causes. There must be a means to allow close examination of each part that require repeated inspection and adjustment. (a) A fitting factor of at least 1.15 must be used in the analysis of each fitting the strength of which is not proven by limit and ultimate load tests in which the actual stress conditions are simulated in the fitting and surrounding structure. This factor applies to all parts of the fitting, the means of attachment, and the bearing on the members joined. (b) Each part with an integral fitting must be treated as a fitting up to the point where the section properties become typical of the member. (c) The fitting factor need not be used if the joint design is made in accordance with approved practices and is based on comprehensive test data. If fuel cells are used, the fuel cells, their attachments, and related supporting structure must be shown by tests to be capable of withstanding, without detrimental distortion or failure, any inertia loads to which the installation may be subjected, including the drop tests prescribed in §31.27(c). In the tests, the fuel cells must be loaded to the weight and pressure equivalent to the full fuel quantity condition. [Amdt. 31–3, 41 FR 55474, Dec. 20, 1976] For pressurized fuel systems, each element and its connecting fittings and lines must be tested to an ultimate pressure of at least twice the maximum pressure to which the system will be subjected in normal operation. No part of the system may fail or malfunction during the test. The test configuration must be representative of the normal fuel system installation and balloon configuration. [Amdt. 31–3, 41 FR 55474, Dec. 20, 1976] (a) If a burner is used to provide the lifting means, the system must be designed and installed so as not to create a fire hazard. (b) There must be shielding to protect parts adjacent to the burner flame, and the occupants, from heat effects. (c) There must be controls, instruments, or other equipment essential to the safe control and operation of the heater. They must be shown to be able to perform their intended functions during normal and emergency operation. (d) The burner system (including the burner unit, controls, fuel lines, fuel cells, regulators, control valves, and other related elements) must be substantiated by an endurance test of at least 40 hours. Each element of the system must be installed and tested to simulate actual balloon installation and use. (1) The test program for the main blast valve operation of the burner must include: (i) Five hours at the maximum fuel pressure for which approval is sought, with a burn time for each one minute cycle of three to ten seconds. The burn time must be established so that each burner is subjected to the maximum thermal shock for temperature affected elements; (ii) Seven and one-half hours at an intermediate fuel pressure, with a burn time for each one minute cycle of three to ten seconds. An intermediate fuel pressure is 40 to 60 percent of the range between the maximum fuel pressure referenced in paragraph (d)(1)(i) of this section and minimum fuel pressure referenced in paragraph (d)(1)(iii); (iii) Six hours and fifteen minutes at the minimum fuel pressure for which approval is sought, with a burn time for each one minute cycle of three to ten seconds; (iv) Fifteen minutes of operation on vapor, with a burn time for each one minute cycle of at least 30 seconds; and (v) Fifteen hours of normal flight operation. (2) The test program for the secondary or backup operation of the burner must include six hours of operation with a burn time for each five minute cycle of one minute at an intermediate fuel pressure. (e) The test must also include at least three flameouts and restarts. (f) Each element of the system must be serviceable at the end of the test. [Doc. No. 1437, 29 FR 8258, July 1, 1964, as amended by Amdt. 31–2, 30 FR 3377, Mar. 13, 1965; Amdt. 31–7, 61 FR 18223, Apr. 24, 1996; 61 FR 20877, May 8, 1996] (a) Each control must operate easily, smoothly, and positively enough to allow proper performance of its functions. Controls must be arranged and identified to provide for convenience of operation and to prevent the possibility of confusion and subsequent inadvertent operation. (b) Each control system and operating device must be designed and installed in a manner that will prevent jamming, chafing, or interference from passengers, cargo, or loose objects. Precaution must be taken to prevent foreign objects from jamming the controls. The elements of the control system must have design features or must be distinctly and permanently marked to minimize the possibility of incorrect assembly that could result in malfunctioning of the control system. (c) Each balloon using a captive gas as the lifting means must have an automatic valve or appendix that is able to release gas automatically at the rate of at least three percent of the total volume per minute when the balloon is at its maximum operating pressure. (d) Each hot air balloon must have a means to allow the controlled release of hot air during flight. (e) Each hot air balloon must have a means to indicate the maximum envelope skin temperatures occurring during operation. The indicator must be readily visible to the pilot and marked to indicate the limiting safe temperature of the envelope material. If the markings are on the cover glass of the instrument, there must be provisions to maintain the correct alignment of the glass cover with the face of the dial. [Doc. No. 1437, 29 FR 8258, July 1, 1964, as amended by Amdt. 31–2, 30 FR 3377, Mar. 13, 1965] Each captive gas balloon must have a means for the safe storage and controlled release of ballast. The ballast must consist of material that, if released during flight, is not hazardous to persons on the ground. If a drag rope is used, the end that is released overboard must be stiffened to preclude the probability of the rope becoming entangled with trees, wires, or other objects on the ground. There must be a means to allow emergency deflation of the envelope so as to allow a safe emergency landing. If a system other than a manual system is used, the reliability of the system used must be substantiated. [Amdt. 31–2, 30 FR 3377, Mar. 13, 1965] (a) If a rip cord is used for emergency deflation, it must be designed and installed to preclude entanglement. (b) The force required to operate the rip cord may not be less than 25, or more than 75, pounds. (c) The end of the rip cord to be operated by the pilot must be colored red. (d) The rip cord must be long enough to allow an increase of at least 10 percent in the vertical dimension of the envelope. (a) The trapeze, basket, or other means provided for carrying occupants may not rotate independently of the envelope. (b) Each projecting object on the trapeze, basket, or other means provided for carrying occupants, that could cause injury to the occupants, must be padded. Unless shown not to be necessary for safety, there must be appropriate bonding means in the design of each balloon using flammable gas as a lifting means to ensure that the effects of static discharges will not create a hazard. [Amdt. 31–2, 30 FR 3377, Mar. 13, 1965] (a) There must be a safety belt, harness, or other restraining means for each occupant, unless the Administrator finds it unnecessary. If installed, the belt, harness, or other restraining means and its supporting structure must meet the strength requirements of Subpart C of this part. (b) This section does not apply to balloons that incorporate a basket or gondola. [Amdt. 31–2, 30 FR 3377, Mar. 13, 1965, as amended by Amdt. 31–3, 41 FR 55474, Dec. 20, 1976] (a) If position lights are installed, there must be one steady aviation white position light and one flashing aviation red (or flashing aviation white) position light with an effective flash frequency of at least 40, but not more than 100, cycles per minute. (b) Each light must provide 360° horizontal coverage at the intensities prescribed in this paragraph. The following light intensities must be determined with the light source operating at a steady state and with all light covers and color filters in place and at the manufacturer's rated mimimum voltage. For the flashing aviation red light, the measured values must be adjusted to correspond to a red filter temperature of at least 130 °F: (1) The intensities in the horizontal plane passing through the light unit must equal or exceed the following values: (2) The intensities in vertical planes must equal or exceed the following values. An intensity of one unit corresponds to the applicable horizontal plane intensity specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section. (c) The steady white light must be located not more than 20 feet below the basket, trapeze, or other means for carrying occupants. The flashing red or white light must be located not less than 7, nor more than 10, feet below the steady white light. (d) There must be a means to retract and store the lights. (e) Each position light color must have the applicable International Commission on Illumination chromaticity coordinates as follows: (1) Aviation red—
y is not greater than 0.335; and z is not greater than 0.002. (2) Aviation white—
x is not less than 0.300 and not greater than 0.540; y is not less than x−0.040 or yo−0.010, whichever is the smaller; and y is not greater than x+0.020 nor 0.636−0.0400 x; Where yo is the y coordinate of the Planckian radiator for the value of x considered. [Doc. No. 1437, 29 FR 8258, July 1, 1964, as amended by Amdt. 31–1, 29 FR 14563, Oct. 24, 1964; Amdt. 31–4, 45 FR 60179, Sept. 11, 1980]
Title 14: Aeronautics and Space
PART 31—AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: MANNED FREE BALLOONS
Subpart D—Design Construction
§ 31.31 General.
§ 31.33 Materials.
§ 31.35 Fabrication methods.
§ 31.37 Fastenings.
§ 31.39 Protection.
§ 31.41 Inspection provisions.
§ 31.43 Fitting factor.
§ 31.45 Fuel cells.
§ 31.46 Pressurized fuel systems.
§ 31.47 Burners.
§ 31.49 Control systems.
§ 31.51 Ballast.
§ 31.53 Drag rope.
§ 31.55 Deflation means.
§ 31.57 Rip cords.
§ 31.59 Trapeze, basket, or other means provided for occupants.
§ 31.61 Static discharge.
§ 31.63 Safety belts.
§ 31.65 Position lights.
------------------------------------------------------------------------ Minimum Position light intensity (candles)------------------------------------------------------------------------Steady white................................................ 20Flashing red or white....................................... 40------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------ Minimum Angles above and below the horizontal in any vertical plane intensity (degrees) (units)------------------------------------------------------------------------0........................................................... 1.000 to 5...................................................... 0.905 to 10..................................................... 0.8010 to 15.................................................... 0.7015 to 20.................................................... 0.5020 to 30.................................................... 0.3030 to 40.................................................... 0.1040 to 60.................................................... 0.05------------------------------------------------------------------------
