14 C.F.R. Subpart B—Personnel, Aircraft, and Facilities Requirements
Title 14 - Aeronautics and Space
(a) This subpart prescribes: (1) The personnel and aircraft requirements for a pilot school certificate or a provisional pilot school certificate; and (2) The facilities that a pilot school or provisional pilot school must have available on a continuous basis. (b) As used in this subpart, to have continuous use of a facility, including an airport, the school must have: (1) Ownership of the facility or airport for at least 6 calendar months after the date the application for initial certification and on the date of renewal of the school's certificate is made; or (2) A written lease agreement for the facility or airport for at least 6 calendar months after the date the application for initial certification and on the date of renewal of the school's certificate is made. [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997] (a) An applicant for a pilot school certificate or for a provisional pilot school certificate must meet the following personnel requirements: (1) Each applicant must have adequate personnel, including certificated flight instructors, certificated ground instructors, or holders of a commercial pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air rating, and a chief instructor for each approved course of training who is qualified and competent to perform the duties to which that instructor is assigned. (2) If the school employs dispatchers, aircraft handlers, and line and service personnel, then it must instruct those persons in the procedures and responsibilities of their employment. (3) Each instructor to be used for ground or flight training must hold a flight instructor certificate, ground instructor certificate, or commercial pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air rating, as appropriate, with ratings for the approved course of training and any aircraft used in that course. (b) An applicant for a pilot school certificate or for a provisional pilot school certificate must designate a chief instructor for each of the school's approved training courses, who must meet the requirements of §141.35 of this part. (c) When necessary, an applicant for a pilot school certificate or for a provisional pilot school certificate may designate a person to be an assistant chief instructor for an approved training course, provided that person meets the requirements of §141.36 of this part. (d) A pilot school and a provisional pilot school may designate a person to be a check instructor for conducting student stage checks, end-of-course tests, and instructor proficiency checks, provided: (1) That person meets the requirements of §141.37 of this part; and (2) That school has a student enrollment of at least 50 students at the time designation is sought. (e) A person, as listed in this section, may serve in more than one position for a school, provided that person is qualified for each position. [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997] (a) To be eligible for designation as a chief instructor for a course of training, a person must meet the following requirements: (1) Hold a commercial pilot certificate or an airline transport pilot certificate, and, except for a chief instructor for a course of training solely for a lighter-than-air rating, a current flight instructor certificate. The certificates must contain the appropriate aircraft category and class ratings for the category and class of aircraft used in the course and an instrument rating, if an instrument rating is required for enrollment in the course of training; (2) Meet the pilot-in-command recent flight experience requirements of §61.57 of this chapter; (3) Pass a knowledge test on— (i) Teaching methods; (ii) Applicable provisions of the “Aeronautical Information Manual”; (iii) Applicable provisions of parts 61, 91, and 141 of this chapter; and (iv) The objectives and approved course completion standards of the course for which the person seeks to obtain designation. (4) Pass a proficiency test on instructional skills and ability to train students on the flight procedures and maneuvers appropriate to the course; (5) Except for a course of training for gliders, balloons, or airships, the chief instructor must meet the applicable requirements in paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this section; and (6) A chief instructor for a course of training for gliders, balloons or airships is only required to have 40 percent of the hours required in paragraphs (b) and (d) of this section. (b) For a course of training leading to the issuance of a recreational or private pilot certificate or rating, a chief instructor must have: (1) At least 1,000 hours as pilot in command; and (2) Primary flight training experience, acquired as either a certificated flight instructor or an instructor in a military pilot flight training program, or a combination thereof, consisting of at least— (i) 2 years and a total of 500 flight hours; or (ii) 1,000 flight hours. (c) For a course of training leading to the issuance of an instrument rating or a rating with instrument privileges, a chief instructor must have: (1) At least 100 hours of flight time under actual or simulated instrument conditions; (2) At least 1,000 hours as pilot in command; and (3) Instrument flight instructor experience, acquired as either a certificated flight instructor-instrument or an instructor in a military pilot flight training program, or a combination thereof, consisting of at least— (i) 2 years and a total of 250 flight hours; or (ii) 400 flight hours. (d) For a course of training other than one leading to the issuance of a recreational or private pilot certificate or rating, or an instrument rating or a rating with instrument privileges, a chief instructor must have: (1) At least 2,000 hours as pilot in command; and (2) Flight training experience, acquired as either a certificated flight instructor or an instructor in a military pilot flight training program, or a combination thereof, consisting of at least— (i) 3 years and a total of 1,000 flight hours; or (ii) 1,500 flight hours. (e) To be eligible for designation as chief instructor for a ground school course, a person must have 1 year of experience as a ground school instructor at a certificated pilot school. [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997; as amended by Amdt. 141–10, 63 FR 20289, Apr. 23, 1998] (a) To be eligible for designation as an assistant chief instructor for a course of training, a person must meet the following requirements: (1) Hold a commercial pilot or an airline transport pilot certificate and, except for the assistant chief instructor for a course of training solely for a lighter-than-air rating, a current flight instructor certificate. The certificates must contain the appropriate aircraft category, class, and instrument ratings if an instrument rating is required by the course of training for the category and class of aircraft used in the course; (2) Meet the pilot-in-command recent flight experience requirements of §61.57 of this chapter; (3) Pass a knowledge test on— (i) Teaching methods; (ii) Applicable provisions of the “Aeronautical Information Manual”; (iii) Applicable provisions of parts 61, 91, and 141 of this chapter; and (iv) The objectives and approved course completion standards of the course for which the person seeks to obtain designation. (4) Pass a proficiency test on the flight procedures and maneuvers appropriate to that course; and (5) Meet the applicable requirements in paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this section. However, an assistant chief instructor for a course of training for gliders, balloons, or airships is only required to have 40 percent of the hours required in paragraphs (b) and (d) of this section. (b) For a course of training leading to the issuance of a recreational or private pilot certificate or rating, an assistant chief instructor must have: (1) At least 500 hours as pilot in command; and (2) Flight training experience, acquired as either a certificated flight instructor or an instructor in a military pilot flight training program, or a combination thereof, consisting of at least— (i) 1 year and a total of 250 flight hours; or (ii) 500 flight hours. (c) For a course of training leading to the issuance of an instrument rating or a rating with instrument privileges, an assistant chief flight instructor must have: (1) At least 50 hours of flight time under actual or simulated instrument conditions; (2) At least 500 hours as pilot in command; and (3) Instrument flight instructor experience, acquired as either a certificated flight instructor-instrument or an instructor in a military pilot flight training program, or a combination thereof, consisting of at least— (i) 1 year and a total of 125 flight hours; or (ii) 200 flight hours. (d) For a course of training other than one leading to the issuance of a recreational or private pilot certificate or rating, or an instrument rating or a rating with instrument privileges, an assistant chief instructor must have: (1) At least 1,000 hours as pilot in command; and (2) Flight training experience, acquired as either a certificated flight instructor or an instructor in a military pilot flight training program, or a combination thereof, consisting of at least— (i) 1 (ii) 750 flight hours. (e) To be eligible for designation as an assistant chief instructor for a ground school course, a person must have 6 months of experience as a ground school instructor at a certificated pilot school. [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997; as amended by Amdt. 141–10, 63 FR 20289, Apr. 23, 1998] (a) To be designated as a check instructor for conducting student stage checks, end-of-course tests, and instructor proficiency checks under this part, a person must meet the eligibility requirements of this section: (1) For checks and tests that relate to either flight or ground training, the person must pass a test, given by the chief instructor, on— (i) Teaching methods; (ii) Applicable provisions of the “Aeronautical Information Manual”; (iii) Applicable provisions of parts 61, 91, and 141 of this chapter; and (iv) The objectives and course completion standards of the approved training course for the designation sought. (2) For checks and tests that relate to a flight training course, the person must— (i) Meet the requirements in paragraph (a)(1) of this section; (ii) Hold a commercial pilot certificate or an airline transport pilot certificate and, except for a check instructor for a course of training for a lighter-than-air rating, a current flight instructor certificate. The certificates must contain the appropriate aircraft category, class, and instrument ratings for the category and class of aircraft used in the course; (iii) Meet the pilot-in-command recent flight experience requirements of §61.57 of this chapter; and (iv) Pass a proficiency test, given by the chief instructor or assistant chief instructor, on the flight procedures and maneuvers of the approved training course for the designation sought. (3) For checks and tests that relate to ground training, the person must— (i) Meet the requirements in paragraph (a)(1) of this section; (ii) Except for a course of training for a lighter-than-air rating, hold a current flight instructor certificate or ground instructor certificate with ratings appropriate to the category and class of aircraft used in the course; and (iii) For a course of training for a lighter-than-air rating, hold a commercial pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air category rating and the appropriate class rating. (b) A person who meets the eligibility requirements in paragraph (a) of this section must: (1) Be designated, in writing, by the chief instructor to conduct student stage checks, end-of-course tests, and instructor proficiency checks; and (2) Be approved by the FAA Flight Standards District Office having jurisdiction over the school. (c) A check instructor may not conduct a stage check or an end-of-course test of any student for whom the check instructor has: (1) Served as the principal instructor; or (2) Recommended for a stage check or end-of-course test. [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997] (a) An applicant for a pilot school certificate or a provisional pilot school certificate must show that he or she has continuous use of each airport at which training flights originate. (b) Each airport used for airplanes and gliders must have at least one runway or takeoff area that allows training aircraft to make a normal takeoff or landing under the following conditions at the aircraft's maximum certificated takeoff gross weight: (1) Under wind conditions of not more than 5 miles per hour; (2) At temperatures in the operating area equal to the mean high temperature for the hottest month of the year; (3) If applicable, with the powerplant operation, and landing gear and flap operation recommended by the manufacturer; and (4) In the case of a takeoff— (i) With smooth transition from liftoff to the best rate of climb speed without exceptional piloting skills or techniques; and (ii) Clearing all obstacles in the takeoff flight path by at least 50 feet. (c) Each airport must have a wind direction indicator that is visible from the end of each runway at ground level; (d) Each airport must have a traffic direction indicator when: (1) The airport does not have an operating control tower; and (2) UNICOM advisories are not available. (e) Except as provided in paragraph (f) of this section, each airport used for night training flights must have permanent runway lights; (f) An airport or seaplane base used for night training flights in seaplanes is permitted to use adequate nonpermanent lighting or shoreline lighting, if approved by the Administrator. [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997] An applicant for a pilot school certificate or provisional pilot school certificate must show that each aircraft used by that school for flight training and solo flights meets the following requirements: (a) Each aircraft must be registered as a civil aircraft in the United States; (b) Each aircraft must be certificated with a standard airworthiness certificate or a primary airworthiness certificate, unless the Administrator determines that due to the nature of the approved course, an aircraft not having a standard airworthiness certificate or primary airworthiness certificate may be used; (c) Each aircraft must be maintained and inspected in accordance with the requirements under subpart E of part 91 of this chapter that apply to aircraft operated for hire; (d) Each aircraft used in flight training must have at least two pilot stations with engine-power controls that can be easily reached and operated in a normal manner from both pilot stations; and (e) Each aircraft used in a course involving IFR en route operations and instrument approaches must be equipped and maintained for IFR operations. For training in the control and precision maneuvering of an aircraft by reference to instruments, the aircraft may be equipped as provided in the approved course of training. [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40908, July 30, 1997] An applicant for a pilot school certificate or a provisional pilot school certificate must show that its flight simulators, flight training devices, training aids, and equipment meet the following requirements: (a) Flight simulators. Each flight simulator used to obtain flight training credit allowed for flight simulators in an approved pilot training course curriculum must— (1) Be a full-size aircraft cockpit replica of a specific type of aircraft, or make, model, and series of aircraft; (2) Include the hardware and software necessary to represent the aircraft in ground operations and flight operations; (3) Use a force cueing system that provides cues at least equivalent to those cues provided by a 3 degree freedom of motion system; (4) Use a visual system that provides at least a 45-degree horizontal field of view and a 30-degree vertical field of view simultaneously for each pilot; and (5) Have been evaluated, qualified, and approved by the Administrator. (b) Flight training devices. Each flight training device used to obtain flight training credit allowed for flight training devices in an approved pilot training course curriculum must— (1) Be a full-size replica of instruments, equipment panels, and controls of an aircraft, or set of aircraft, in an open flight deck area or in an enclosed cockpit, including the hardware and software for the systems installed that is necessary to simulate the aircraft in ground and flight operations; (2) Need not have a force (motion) cueing or visual system; and (3) Have been evaluated, qualified, and approved by the Administrator. (c) Training aids and equipment. Each training aid, including any audiovisual aid, projector, tape recorder, mockup, chart, or aircraft component listed in the approved training course outline, must be accurate and appropriate to the course for which it is used. [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 141–9, 62 FR 40908, July 30, 1997] (a) An applicant for a pilot school certificate or provisional pilot school certificate must show that the applicant has continuous use of a briefing area located at each airport at which training flights originate that is: (1) Adequate to shelter students waiting to engage in their training flights; (2) Arranged and equipped for the conduct of pilot briefings; and (3) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, for a school with an instrument rating or commercial pilot course, equipped with private landline or telephone communication to the nearest FAA Flight Service Station. (b) A briefing area required by paragraph (a) of this section may not be used by the applicant if it is available for use by any other pilot school during the period it is required for use by the applicant. (c) The communication equipment required by paragraph (a)(3) of this section is not required if the briefing area and the flight service station are located on the same airport, and are readily accessible to each other. An applicant for a pilot school or provisional pilot school certificate must show that: (a) Each room, training booth, or other space used for instructional purposes is heated, lighted, and ventilated to conform to local building, sanitation, and health codes; and (b) The training facility is so located that the students in that facility are not distracted by the training conducted in other rooms, or by flight and maintenance operations on the airport.
Title 14: Aeronautics and Space
PART 141—PILOT SCHOOLS
Subpart B—Personnel, Aircraft, and Facilities Requirements
§ 141.31 Applicability.
§ 141.33 Personnel.
§ 141.35 Chief instructor qualifications.
§ 141.36 Assistant chief instructor qualifications.
§ 141.37 Check instructor qualifications.
§ 141.38 Airports.
§ 141.39 Aircraft.
§ 141.41 Flight simulators, flight training devices, and training aids.
§ 141.43 Pilot briefing areas.
§ 141.45 Ground training facilities.
