19 C.F.R. Subpart E—Aircraft Entry and Entry Documents; Electronic Manifest Requirements for Passengers, Crew Members, and Non-Crew Members Onboard Commercial Aircraft Arriving In, Continuing Within, and Overflying the United States
Title 19 - Customs Duties
All aircraft coming into the United States from a foreign area must make entry under this subpart except: (a) Public and private aircraft; (b) Aircraft chartered by, and transporting only cargo that is the property of, the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), where the DoD-chartered aircraft is manned entirely by the civilian crew of the air carrier under contract to DoD; and (c) Aircraft traveling from airport to airport in the U.S. under subpart I, relating to residue cargo procedures. [T.D. 88–12, 53 FR 9292, Mar. 22, 1988, as amended by CBP Dec. 03–32, 68 FR 68170, Dec. 5, 2003] (a) By whom. Entry shall be made by the aircraft commander or an agent. (b) Place of entry—(1) First landing at international airport. Entry shall be made at the international airport at which first landing is made. (2) First landing at another airport. If the first landing is not at an international airport pursuant to §§122.34 or 122.35, the aircraft commander or agent shall make entry at the nearest international airport or port of entry, unless some other place is allowed for the purpose. (c) Delivery of forms. When the aircraft arrives, the aircraft commander or agent shall deliver any required forms to the Customs officer at the place of entry at once. (d) Exception to entry requirement. Except for flights to Cuba (provided for in subpart O of this part), an aircraft of a scheduled airline which stops only for refueling at the first place or arrival in the U.S. shall not be required to enter provided: (1) That such aircraft departs within 24 hours after arrival; (2) No cargo, crew, or passengers are off-loaded; and (3) Landing rights at that airport as either a regular or alternate landing place shall have been previously secured. (a) When required. A general declaration, Customs Form 7507, shall be filed for all aircraft required to enter under §122.41 (Aircraft required to enter). (b) Exception. Aircraft arriving directly from Canada on a flight beginning in Canada and ending in the U.S. need not file a general declaration to enter. Instead, an air cargo manifest (see §122.48) may be filed in place of the general declaration, regardless of whether cargo is on board. The air cargo manifest shall state the following:
I certify to the best of my knowledge and belief that this manifest contains an exact and true account of all cargo on board this aircraft. (Aircraft Commander or Agent) (c) Form. The general declaration shall be on Customs Form 7507 or on a privately printed form prepared under §122.5. The form shall contain all required information, unless the information is given in some other manner under subpart E of this part. If an aircraft enters the U.S. from a foreign area, aircraft crewmembers shall file a crew baggage declaration as provided in subpart G, part 148 of this chapter. (a) When required. A crew list shall be filed by all aircraft required to enter under §122.41. (b) Exception. No crew list is required for aircraft arriving directly from Canada on a flight beginning in Canada and ending in the U.S. Instead, the total number of crewmembers may be shown on the general declaration. (c) Form. The crew list shall show the full name (last name, first name, middle initial) of each crewmember, either: (1) On the general declaration in the column headed “Total Number of Crew”; or (2) On a separate, clearly marked document. (d) Crewmembers returning as passengers. Crewmembers of any aircraft returning to the U.S. as passengers on a commercial aircraft from a trip on which they were employed as crewmembers shall be listed on the aircraft general declaration or crew list. (a) When required. A crew purchase list shall be filed with the general declaration for any aircraft required to enter under §122.41. (b) Exception. A crew purchase list is not required for aircraft arriving directly from Canada on a flight beginning in Canada and ending in the U.S. If a written crew declaration is required for the aircraft under subpart G of part 148 of this chapter (Crewmember Declarations and Exemptions), it shall be attached to the air cargo manifest, along with the number of any written crew declarations. (c) Form. If a crewmember enters articles for which a written crew declaration is not required (see subpart G, part 148 of this chapter), the articles shall be listed next to the crewmember's name on the general declaration, or on the attached crew purchase list. Articles listed on a written crew declaration need not be listed on the crew purchase list if: (1) The crew declaration is attached to the general declaration, or to the crew list which in turn is attached to the general declaration; and (2) The statement “Crew purchases as per attached crew declaration” appears on the general declaration or crew list. (a) When required. A stores list shall be filed for all aircraft required to enter under §122.41. (b) Form. The aircraft stores shall be listed on the cargo manifest or on a separate list. If the stores are listed on a separate list, the list must be attached to the cargo manifest. The statement “Stores List Attached” must appear on the cargo manifest. (c) Contents—(1) Required listing. The stores list shall include all of the following: (i) Alcoholic beverages, cigars, cigarettes and narcotic drugs, whether domestic or foreign; (ii) Bonded merchandise arriving as stores; (iii) Foreign merchandise arriving as stores; and (iv) Equipment which must be licensed by the Secretary of State (see §122.48(b)). (2) Other articles. In the case of aircraft of scheduled airlines, other domestic supplies and equipment (if not subject to license) and fuel may be dropped from the stores list if the statement “Domestic supplies and equipment and fuel for immediate flight only, except as noted” appears on the cargo manifest or on the separate stores list. The stores list shall be attached to the cargo manifest. (d) Other statutes. Section 446, Tariff Act of 1930, as amended (19 U.S.C. 1446), which covers supplies and stores kept on board vessels, applies to aircraft arriving in the U.S. from any foreign area. (a) When required. Except as provided in paragraphs (d) and (e) of this section, an air cargo manifest need not be filed or retained aboard the aircraft for any aircraft required to enter under §122.41. However, an air cargo manifest for all cargo on board must otherwise be available for production upon demand. The general declaration must be filed as provided in §122.43. (b) Exception. A cargo manifest is not required for merchandise, baggage and stores arriving from and departing for a foreign country on the same through flight. Any cargo manifest already on board may be inspected. All articles on board which must be licensed by the Secretary of State shall be listed on the cargo manifest. Company mail shall be listed on the cargo manifest. (c) Form. The air cargo manifest, Customs Form 7509, must contain all required information regarding all cargo on board the aircraft, except that a more complete description of the cargo shipped may be provided by attaching to the manifest copies of the air waybills covering the cargo on board, including, if a consolidated shipment, any house air waybills. When copies of air waybills are attached, the statement “Cargo as per air waybills attached” must appear on the manifest. The manifest must reference an 11-digit air waybill number for each air waybill it covers. The air waybill number must not be used by the issuer for another air waybill for a period of one year after issuance. (d) Unaccompanied baggage. Unaccompanied baggage arriving in the U.S. under a check number from any foreign country by air and presented timely to Customs may be authorized for delivery by the carrier after inspection and examination without preparation of an entry, declaration, or being manifested as cargo. Such baggage must be found to be free of duty or tax under any provision of Chapter 98, HTSUS (19 U.S.C. 1202), and cannot be restricted or prohibited. Unaccompanied checked baggage not presented timely to Customs or presented timely and found by Customs to be dutiable, restricted, or prohibited may be subject to seizure. Such unaccompanied checked baggage shall be added to the cargo list in columns under the following headings: The two columns, headed “Name of examining officer” and “Disposition,” are provided on the cargo manifest for the use of Customs officers. Unaccompained unchecked baggage arriving as air express or freight shall be manifested as other air express or freight. (e) Accompanied baggage in transit. This section applies when accompanied baggage enters into the U.S. in one aircraft and leaves the U.S. in another aircraft. When passengers do not have access to their baggage while in transit through the U.S., the baggage is considered cargo and shall be listed on Customs Form 7509, Air Cargo Manifest. [T.D. 88–12, 53 FR 9292, Mar. 22, 1988, as amended by T.D. 89–1, 53 FR 51255, Dec. 21, 1988; T.D. 02–51, 67 FR 55721, Aug. 30, 2002; CBP Dec. 03–32, 68 FR 68170, Dec. 5, 2003] (a) General requirement. Pursuant to section 343(a), Trade Act of 2002, as amended (19 U.S.C. 2071 note), and subject to paragraph (e) of this section, for any inbound aircraft required to enter under §122.41, that will have commercial cargo aboard, Customs and Border Protection (CBP) must electronically receive from the inbound air carrier and, if applicable, an approved party as specified in paragraph (c)(1) of this section, certain information concerning the incoming cargo, as enumerated, respectively, in paragraphs (d)(1) and (d)(2) of this section. The CBP must receive such information no later than the time frame prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section. The advance electronic transmission of the required cargo information to CBP must be effected through a CBP-approved electronic data interchange system. (1) Cargo remaining aboard aircraft; cargo to be entered under bond. Air cargo arriving from and departing for a foreign country on the same through flight and cargo that is unladen from the arriving aircraft and entered, in bond, for exportation, or for transportation and exportation (see subpart J of this part), are subject to the advance electronic information filing requirement under paragraph (a) of this section. (2) Diplomatic Pouches and Diplomatic Cargo. When goods comprising a diplomatic or consular bag (including cargo shipments, containers, and the like identified as Diplomatic Pouch) that belong to the United States or to a foreign government are shipped under an air waybill, such cargo is subject to the advance reporting requirements, but the description of the shipment as Diplomatic Pouch will be sufficient detail for description. Shipments identified as Diplomatic Cargo, such as office supplies or unaccompanied household goods, are subject to the advance reporting requirements of paragraph (a) of this section. (b) Time frame for presenting data—(1) Nearby foreign areas. In the case of aircraft under paragraph (a) of this section that depart for the United States from any foreign port or place in North America, including locations in Mexico, Central America, South America (from north of the Equator only), the Caribbean, and Bermuda, CBP must receive the required cargo information no later than the time of the departure of the aircraft for the United States (the trigger time is no later than the time that wheels are up on the aircraft, and the aircraft is en route directly to the United States). (2) Other foreign areas. In the case of aircraft under paragraph (a) of this section that depart for the United States from any foreign area other than that specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section, CBP must receive the required cargo information no later than 4 hours prior to the arrival of the aircraft in the United States. (c) Party electing to file advance electronic cargo data—(1) Other filer. In addition to incoming air carriers for whom participation is mandatory, one of the following parties meeting the qualifications of paragraph (c)(2) of this section, may elect to transmit to CBP the electronic data for incoming cargo that is listed in paragraph (d)(2) of this section: (i) An Automated Broker Interface (ABI) filer (importer or its Customs broker) as identified by its ABI filer code; (ii) A Container Freight Station/deconsolidator as identified by its FIRMS (Facilities Information and Resources Management System) code; (iii) An Express Consignment Carrier Facility as identified by its FIRMS code; or, (iv) An air carrier as identified by its carrier IATA (International Air Transport Association) code, that arranged to have the incoming air carrier transport the cargo to the United States. (2) Eligibility. To be qualified to file cargo information electronically, a party identified in paragraph (c)(1) of this section must establish the communication protocol required by CBP for properly presenting cargo information through the approved data interchange system. Also, other than a broker or an importer (see §113.62(j)(2) of this chapter), the party must possess a Customs international carrier bond containing all the necessary provisions of §113.64 of this chapter. (3) Nonparticipation by other party. If another party as specified in paragraph (c)(1) of this section does not participate in advance electronic cargo information filing, the party that arranges for and/or delivers the cargo shipment to the incoming carrier must fully disclose and present to the carrier the cargo information listed in paragraph (d)(2) of this section; and the incoming carrier, on behalf of the party, must present this information electronically to CBP under paragraph (a) of this section. (4) Required information in possession of third party. Any other entity in possession of required cargo data that is not the incoming air carrier or a party described in paragraph (c)(1) of this section must fully disclose and present the required data for the inbound air cargo to either the air carrier or other electronic filer, as applicable, which must present such data to CBP. (5) Party receiving information believed to be accurate. Where the party electronically presenting the cargo information required in paragraph (d) of this section receives any of this information from another party, CBP will take into consideration how, in accordance with ordinary commercial practices, the presenting party acquired such information, and whether and how the presenting party is able to verify this information. Where the presenting party is not reasonably able to verify such information, CBP will permit the party to electronically present the information on the basis of what that party reasonably believes to be true. (d) Non-consolidated/consolidated shipments. For non-consolidated shipments, the incoming air carrier must transmit to CBP all of the information for the air waybill record, as enumerated in paragraph (d)(1) of this section. For consolidated shipments: the incoming air carrier must transmit to CBP the information listed in paragraph (d)(1) of this section that is applicable to the master air waybill; and the air carrier must transmit cargo information for all associated house air waybills as enumerated in paragraph (d)(2) of this section, unless another party as described in paragraph (c)(1) of this section electronically transmits this information directly to CBP. (1) Cargo information from air carrier. The incoming air carrier must present to CBP the following data elements for inbound air cargo (an “M” next to any listed data element indicates that the data element is mandatory in all cases; a “C” next to the listed data element indicates that the data element is conditional and must be transmitted to CBP only if the particular information pertains to the inbound cargo): (i) Air waybill number (M) (The air waybill number is the International Air Transport Association (IATA) standard 11-digit number); (ii) Trip/flight number (M); (iii) Carrier/ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) code (M) (The approved electronic data interchange system supports both 3- and 2-character ICAO codes, provided that the final digit of the 2-character code is not a numeric value); (iv) Airport of arrival (M) (The 3-alpha character ICAO code corresponding to the first airport of arrival in the Customs territory of the United States (for example, Chicago O'Hare = ORD; Los Angeles International Airport = LAX)); (v) Airport of origin (M) (The 3-alpha character ICAO code corresponding to the airport from which a shipment began its transportation by air to the United States (for example, if a shipment began its transportation from Hong Kong (HKG), and it transits through Narita, Japan (NRT), en route to the United States, the airport of origin is HKG, not NRT)); (vi) Scheduled date of arrival (M); (vii) Total quantity based on the smallest external packing unit (M) (for example, 2 pallets containing 50 pieces each would be considered as 100, not 2); (viii) Total weight (M) (may be expressed in either pounds or kilograms); (ix) Precise cargo description (M) (for consolidated shipments, the word “Consolidation” is a sufficient description for the master air waybill record; for non-consolidated shipments, a precise cargo description or the 6-digit Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS) number must be provided (generic descriptions, specifically those such as “FAK” (“freight of all kinds”), “general cargo”, and “STC” (“said to contain”) are not acceptable)); (x) Shipper name and address (M) (for consolidated shipments, the identity of the consolidator, express consignment or other carrier, is sufficient for the master air waybill record; for non-consolidated shipments, the name of the foreign vendor, supplier, manufacturer, or other similar party is acceptable (and the address of the foreign vendor, etc., must be a foreign address); by contrast, the identity of a carrier, freight forwarder or consolidator is not acceptable); (xi) Consignee name and address (M) (for consolidated shipments, the identity of the container station, express consignment or other carrier is sufficient for the master air waybill record; for non-consolidated shipments, the name and address of the party to whom the cargo will be delivered is required, with the exception of “FROB” (Foreign Cargo Remaining On Board); this party need not be located at the arrival or destination port); (xii) Consolidation identifier (C); (xiii) Split shipment indicator (C) (see paragraph (d)(3) of this section for the specific data elements that must be presented to CBP in the case of a split shipment); (xiv) Permit to proceed information (C) (this element includes the permit-to-proceed destination airport (the 3-alpha character ICAO code corresponding to the permit-to-proceed destination airport); and the scheduled date of arrival at the permit-to-proceed destination airport); (xv) Identifier of other party which is to submit additional air waybill information (C); (xvi) In-bond information (C) (this data element includes the destination airport; the international/domestic identifier (the in-bond type indicator); the in-bond control number, if there is one (C); and the onward carrier identifier, if applicable (C)); and (xvii) Local transfer facility (C) (this facility is a Container Freight Station as identified by its FIRMS code, or the warehouse of another air carrier as identified by its carrier code). (2) Cargo information from carrier or other filer. The incoming air carrier must present the following additional information to CBP for the incoming cargo, unless another party as specified in paragraph (c)(1) of this section elects to present this information directly to CBP. Information for all house air waybills under a single master air waybill consolidation must be presented electronically to CBP by the same party. (An “M” next to any listed data element indicates that the data element is mandatory in all cases; a “C” next to any listed data element indicates that the data element is conditional and must be transmitted to CBP only if the particular information pertains to the inbound cargo): (i) The master air waybill number and the associated house air waybill number (M) (the house air waybill number may be up to 12 alphanumeric characters (each alphanumeric character that is indicated on the paper house air waybill document must be included in the electronic transmission; alpha characters may not be eliminated)); (ii) Foreign airport of origin (M) (The 3-alpha character ICAO code corresponding to the airport from which a shipment began its transportation by air to the United States (for example, if a shipment began its transportation from Hong Kong (HKG), and it transits through Narita, Japan (NRT), en route to the United States, the airport of origin is HKG, not NRT)); (iii) Cargo description (M) (a precise description of the cargo or the 6-digit Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS) number must be provided); (iv) Total quantity based on the smallest external packing unit (M) (for example, 2 pallets containing 50 pieces each would be considered as 100, not 2); (v) Total weight of cargo (M) (may be expressed in either pounds or kilograms); (vi) Shipper name and address (M) (the name of the foreign vendor, supplier, manufacturer, or other similar party is acceptable (and the address of the foreign vendor, etc., must be a foreign address); by contrast, the identity of a carrier, freight forwarder or consolidator is not acceptable); (vii) Consignee name and address (M) (the name and address of the party to whom the cargo will be delivered in the United States, with the exception of “FROB” (Foreign Cargo Remaining On Board); this party need not be located at the arrival or destination port); and (viii) In-bond information (C) (this data element includes the destination airport; the international/domestic identifier (the in-bond type indicator); the in-bond control number, if there is one (C); and the onward carrier identifier, if applicable (C)). (3) Additional cargo information from air carrier; split shipment. When the incoming air carrier elects to transport cargo covered under a single consolidated air waybill on more than one aircraft as a split shipment (see §141.57 of this chapter), the carrier must report the following additional information for each house air waybill covered under the consolidation (An “M” next to any listed data element indicates that the data element is mandatory in all cases; a “C” next to any listed data element indicates that the data element is conditional and must be transmitted to CBP only if the particular information pertains to the inbound cargo): (i) The master and house air waybill number (M) (The master air waybill number is the IATA standard 11-digit number; the house air waybill number may be up to 12 alphanumeric characters (each alphanumeric number that is indicated on the paper house air waybill must be included in the electronic transmission; alpha characters may not be eliminated)); (ii) The trip/flight number (M); (iii) The carrier/ICAO code (M) (The approved electronic data interchange system supports both 3- and 2-character ICAO codes, provided that the final digit of the 2-character code is not a numeric value); (iv) The airport of arrival (M) (The 3-alpha character ICAO code corresponding to the first airport of arrival in the Customs territory of the United States (for example, Chicago O'Hare = ORD; Los Angeles International Airport = LAX)); (v) The airport of origin (M) (The 3-alpha character ICAO code corresponding to the airport from which a shipment began its transportation by air to the United States (for example, if a shipment began its transportation from Hong Kong (HKG), and it transits through Narita, Japan (NRT), en route to the United States, the airport of origin is HKG, not NRT)); (vi) Scheduled date of arrival (M); (vii) The total quantity of the cargo covered by the house air waybill based on the smallest external packing unit (M) (For example, 2 pallets containing 50 pieces each would be considered as 100, not 2); (viii) The total weight of the cargo covered by the house air waybill (M) (May be expressed in either pounds or kilograms); (ix) Description (M) (This description should mirror the precise level of cargo description information that is furnished to the incoming carrier by the other electronic filer, if applicable (see paragraph (c)(1) of this section)); (x) Permit-to-proceed information (C) (This element includes the permit-to-proceed destination airport (the 3-alpha character ICAO code corresponding to the permit-to-proceed destination airport); and the scheduled date of arrival at the permit-to-proceed destination airport); (xi) Boarded quantity (C) (The quantity of the cargo covered by the house air waybill (see paragraph (d)(3)(vii) of this section) that is included in the incoming portion of the split shipment); and (xii) Boarded weight (C) (The weight of the cargo covered by the house air waybill (see paragraph (d)(3)(viii) of this section) that is included in the incoming portion of the split shipment). (e) Compliance date of this section—(1) General. Subject to paragraph (e)(2) of this section, all affected air carriers, and other parties as specified in paragraph (c)(1) of this section that elect to participate in advance automated cargo information filing, must comply with the requirements of this section on and after March 4, 2004. (2) Delay in compliance date of section. The CBP may delay the general compliance date set forth in paragraph (e)(1) of this section in the event that any necessary modifications to the approved electronic data interchange system are not yet in place. Also, CBP may delay the general compliance date of this section at a given port until CBP has afforded any necessary training to CBP personnel at that port. In addition, CBP may delay implementation if further time is required to complete certification testing of new participants. Any such delay would be the subject of an announcement in the [CBP Dec. 03–32, 68 FR 68170, Dec. 5, 2003] (a) Shortages—(1) Reporting. Shortages (merchandise listed on the manifest or air waybill but not found) shall be reported to the port director by the aircraft commander or agent. The report shall be made: (i) On a Customs Form 5931, filled out and signed by the importer and the importing or bonded carrier; or (ii) On a Customs Form 5931, filled out and signed by the importer alone under §158.3 of this chapter; or (iii) On a copy of the cargo manifest, which shall be marked “Shortage Declaration,” and must list the merchandise involved and the reasons for the shortage. (2) Time to file. Shortages shall be reported within the time set out in part 158 of this chapter, or within 30 days of aircraft entry. (3) Evidence. The aircraft commander or agent shall supply proof of the claim that: (i) Shortage merchandise was not imported, or was properly disposed of; or (ii) That corrective action was taken. This proof shall be kept in the carrier file for one year from the date of aircraft entry. (b) Overages—(1) Reporting. Overages (merchandise found but not listed on the manifest or air waybill) shall be reported to the port director by the aircraft commander or agent. The report shall be made: (i) On a Customs Form 5931; or (ii) On a separate copy of the cargo manifest which is marked “Post Entry” and lists the overage merchandise and the reason for the overage. (2) Time to file. Overages shall be reported within 30 days of aircraft entry. (3) Evidence. Satisfactory proof of the reasons for the overage shall be kept on file by the carrier for one year from the date of the report. (c) Statement on cargo manifest. If the air cargo manifest is used to report shortages or overages, the Shortages Declaration or Post Entry must include the signed statement of the aircraft commander or agent as follows:
I declare to the best of my knowledge and belief that the discrepancy described herein occurred for the reason stated. I also certify that evidence to support the explanation of the discrepancy will be retained in the carrier's files for a period of at least one year and will be made available to Customs on demand. (Aircraft Commander or Agent) (d) Notice by port director. The port director shall immediately notify the aircraft commander or agent of any shortages or overages that were not reported by the aircraft commander or agent. Notice shall be given by sending a copy of Customs Form 5931 to the aircraft commander or agent, or in any other appropriate way. The aircraft commander or agent shall make a satisfactory reply within 30 days of entry of the aircraft or receipt of the notice, whichever is later. (e) Correction not required. A correction in the manifest or air waybill is not required if: (1) The port director is satisfied that the difference between the quantity of bulk merchandise listed on the manifest or air waybill, and the quantity unladen, is the usual difference caused by absorption or loss of moisture, temperature, faulty weighing at the airport, or other such reason; and (2) The marks or numbers on merchandise packages are different from the marks or numbers listed on the cargo manifest for those packages if the quantity and description of the merchandise is given correctly. (f) Statutes applicable. If an aircraft arrives in the U.S. from a foreign area with merchandise and unaccompanied baggage for which a manifest or air waybill must be filed, section 584 (concerning manifest violations), Tariff Act of 1930, as amended (19 U.S.C. 1584, applies. [T.D. 88–12, 53 FR 9292, Mar. 22, 1988, as amended by T.D. 98–74, 63 FR 51288, Sept. 25, 1998] (a) Definitions. The following definitions apply for purposes of this section: Appropriate official. “Appropriate official” means the master or commanding officer, or authorized agent, owner, or consignee, of a commercial aircraft; this term and the term “carrier” are sometimes used interchangeably. Carrier. See “Appropriate official.” Commercial aircraft. “Commercial aircraft” has the meaning provided in §122.1(d) and includes aircraft engaged in passenger flight operations, all-cargo flight operations, and dual flight operations involving the transport of both cargo and passengers. Crew Member. “Crew member” means a person serving on board an aircraft in good faith in any capacity required for normal operation and service of the flight. In addition, the definition of “crew member” applicable to this section should not be applied in the context of other customs laws, to the extent this definition differs from the meaning of “crew member” contemplated in such other customs laws. Departure. “Departure” means the point at which the wheels are up on the aircraft and the aircraft is en route directly to its destination. Emergency. “Emergency” means, with respect to an aircraft arriving at a U.S. port due to an emergency, an urgent situation due to a mechanical, medical, or security problem affecting the flight, or to an urgent situation affecting the non-U.S. port of destination that necessitates a detour to a U.S. port. Passenger. “Passenger” means any person, including a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Aviation Security Inspector with valid credentials and authorization, being transported on a commercial aircraft who is not a crew member. United States. “United States” means the continental United States, Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Virgin Islands of the United States. (b) Electronic arrival manifest—(1) General requirement. Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, an appropriate official of each commercial aircraft arriving in the United States from any place outside the United States must transmit to Customs and Border Protection (CBP) an electronic passenger arrival manifest covering any passengers on board the aircraft. Each manifest must be transmitted to CPB at the place and time specified in paragraph (b)(2) of this section by means of an electronic data interchange system approved by CBP and must set forth the information specified in paragraph (b)(3) of this section. A passenger manifest must be transmitted separately from a crew member manifest required under §122.49b if transmission is in US EDIFACT format. (2) Place and time for submission. The appropriate official specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section must transmit the electronic passenger arrival manifest required under paragraph (b)(1) of this section to the CBP Data Center, CBP Headquarters: (i) No later than 15 minutes after departure of the aircraft; (ii) For flights not originally destined to the United States but diverted to a U.S. port due to an emergency, no later than 30 minutes prior to arrival; in cases of non-compliance, CBP will take into consideration that the carrier was not equipped to make the transmission and the circumstances of the emergency situation; and (iii) For an aircraft operating as an air ambulance in service of a medical emergency, no later than 30 minutes prior to arrival. (3) Information required. Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, the electronic passenger arrival manifest required under paragraph (b)(1) of this section must contain the following information for all passengers, except that the information specified in paragraphs (b)(iv), (v), (x), (xii), (xiii), and (xiv) of this section must be included on the manifest only on or after October 4, 2005: (i) Full name (last, first, and, if available, middle); (ii) Date of birth; (iii) Gender (F = female; M = male); (iv) Citizenship; (v) Country of residence; (vi) Status on board the aircraft; (vii) Travel document type (e.g., P = passport; A = alien registration card); (viii) Passport number, if a passport is required; (ix) Passport country of issuance, if a passport is required; (x) Passport expiration date, if a passport is required; (xi) Alien registration number, where applicable; (xii) Address while in the United States (number and street, city, state, and zip code), except that this information is not required for U.S. citizens, lawful permanent residents, or persons who are in transit to a location outside the United States; (xiii) Passenger Name Record locator, if available; (xiv) International Air Transport Association (IATA) code of foreign port/place where transportation to the United States began (foreign port code); (xv) IATA code of port/place of first arrival (arrival port code); (xvi) IATA code of final foreign port/place of destination for in-transit passengers (foreign port code); (xvii) Airline carrier code; (xviii) Flight number; and (xix) Date of aircraft arrival. (c) Exception. The electronic passenger arrival manifest specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section is not required for active duty U.S. military personnel being transported as passengers on arriving Department of Defense commercial chartered aircraft. (d) Carrier responsibility for comparing information collected with travel document. The carrier collecting the information described in paragraph (b)(3) of this section is responsible for comparing the travel document presented by the passenger with the travel document information it is transmitting to CBP in accordance with this section in order to ensure that the information is correct, the document appears to be valid for travel to the United States, and the passenger is the person to whom the travel document was issued. (e) Sharing of manifest information. Information contained in the passenger manifests required by this section that is received by CBP electronically may, upon request, be shared with other Federal agencies for the purpose of protecting national security. CBP may also share such information as otherwise authorized by law. [CBP Dec. 05–12, 70 FR 17852, Apr. 7, 2005] (a) Definitions. The definitions set forth below apply for purposes of this section. The definitions set forth in §122.49a(a), other than those for the terms set forth below, also apply for purposes of this section: All-cargo flight. “All-cargo flight” means a flight in operation for the purpose of transporting cargo which has onboard only “crew members” and “non-crew members” as defined in this paragraph. Carrier. In addition to the meaning set forth in §122.49a(a), “carrier” includes each entity that is an “aircraft operator” or “foreign air carrier” with a security program under 49 CFR part 1544, 1546, or 1550 of the Transportation Security Administration regulations. Crew member. “Crew member” means a pilot, copilot, flight engineer, airline management personnel authorized to travel in the cockpit, cabin crew, and relief crew (also known as “deadheading crew”). However, for all other purposes of immigration law and documentary evidence required under the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101, et seq.), “crew member” (or “crewman”) means a person serving onboard an aircraft in good faith in any capacity required for the normal operation and service of the flight (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(10) and (a)(15)(D), as applicable). In addition, the definition of “crew member” applicable to this section should not be applied in the context of other customs laws, to the extent this definition differs from the meaning of “crew member” contemplated in such other customs laws. Flight continuing within the United States. “Flight continuing within the United States” refers to the domestic leg of a flight operated by a foreign air carrier that originates at a foreign port or place, arrives at a U.S. port, and then continues to a second U.S. port. Flight overflying the United States. “Flight overflying the United States” refers to a flight departing from a foreign port or place that enters the territorial airspace of the U.S. en route to another foreign port or place. Non-crew member. “Non-crew member” means air carrier employees and their family members and persons traveling onboard a commercial aircraft for the safety of the flight (such as an animal handler when animals are onboard). The definition of “non-crew member” is limited to all-cargo flights. (On a passenger or dual flight (passengers and cargo), air carrier employees, their family members, and persons onboard for the safety of the flight are considered passengers.) Territorial airspace of the United States. “Territorial airspace of the United States” means the airspace over the United States, its territories, and possessions, and the airspace over the territorial waters between the United States coast and 12 nautical miles from the coast. (b) Electronic arrival manifest—(1) General requirement. Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, an appropriate official of each commercial aircraft operating a flight arriving in or overflying the United States, from a foreign port or place, or continuing within the United States after arriving at a U.S. port from a foreign port or place, must transmit to Customs and Border Protection (CBP) an electronic crew member manifest and, for all-cargo flights only, an electronic non-crew member manifest covering any crew members and non-crew members onboard. Each manifest must be transmitted to CBP at the place and time specified in paragraph (b)(2) of this section by means of an electronic data interchange system approved by CBP and must set forth the information specified in paragraph (b)(3) of this section. Where both a crew member manifest and a non-crew member manifest are required with respect to an all-cargo flight, they must be combined in one manifest covering both crew members and non-crew members. Where a passenger arrival manifest under §122.49a and a crew member arrival manifest under this section are required, they must be transmitted separately if the transmission is in US EDIFACT format. (2) Place and time for submission; certification; changes to manifest. (i) Place and time for submission. The appropriate official specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section must transmit the electronic manifest required under paragraph (b)(1) of this section to the CBP Data Center, CBP Headquarters: (A) With respect to aircraft arriving in and overflying the United States, no later than 60 minutes prior to departure of the aircraft from the foreign port or place of departure, and with respect to aircraft continuing within the United States, no later than 60 minutes prior to departure from the U.S. port of arrival; (B) For a flight not originally destined to arrive in the United States but diverted to a U.S. port due to an emergency, no later than 30 minutes prior to arrival; in cases of noncompliance, CBP will take into consideration that the carrier was not equipped to make the transmission and the circumstances of the emergency situation; and (C) For an aircraft operating as an air ambulance in service of a medical emergency, no later than 30 minutes prior to arrival; (ii) Certification. Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, the appropriate official, by transmitting the manifest as required under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, certifies that the flight's crew members and non-crew members are included, respectively, on the master crew member list or master non-crew member list previously submitted to CBP in accordance with §122.49c. If a crew member or non-crew member on the manifest is not also included on the appropriate master list, the flight may be, as appropriate, denied clearance to depart, diverted from arriving in the United States, or denied clearance to enter the territorial airspace of the United States. (iii) Changes to manifest. The appropriate official is obligated to make necessary changes to the crew member or non-crew member manifest after transmission of the manifest to CBP. Necessary changes include adding a name, with other required information, to the manifest or amending previously submitted information. If changes are submitted less than 60 minutes before scheduled flight departure, the air carrier must receive approval from TSA before allowing the flight to depart or the flight may be, as appropriate, denied clearance to depart, diverted from arriving in the United States, or denied clearance to enter the territorial airspace of the United States. (3) Information required. The electronic crew member and non-crew member manifests required under paragraph (b)(1) of this section must contain the following information for all crew members and non-crew members, except that the information specified in paragraphs (b)(iii), (v), (vi), (vii), (xiii), (xv), and (xvi) of this section must be included on the manifest only on or after October 4, 2005: (i) Full name (last, first, and, if available, middle); (ii) Date of birth; (iii) Place of birth (city, state—if applicable, country); (iv) Gender (F = female; M = male); (v) Citizenship; (vi) Country of residence; (vii) Address of permanent residence; (viii) Status on board the aircraft; (ix) Pilot certificate number and country of issuance (if applicable); (x) Travel document type (e.g., P = passport; A = alien registration card); (xi) Passport number, if a passport is required; (xii) Passport country of issuance, if a passport is required; (xiii) Passport expiration date, if a passport is required; (xiv) Alien registration number, where applicable; (xv) Passenger Name Record locator, if available; (xvi) International Air Transport Association (IATA) code of foreign port/place where transportation to the United States began or where the transportation destined to the territorial airspace of the United States began (foreign port code); (xvii) IATA code of port/place of first arrival (arrival port code); (xviii) IATA code of final foreign port/place of destination for (foreign port code); (xix) Airline carrier code; (xx) Flight number; and (xxi) Date of aircraft arrival. (c) Exceptions. The electronic crew member or non-crew member manifest requirement specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section is subject to the following conditions: (1) Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Aviation Safety Inspectors with valid credentials and authorization are not subject to the requirement, but the manifest requirement of §122.49a applies to these inspectors on flights arriving in the United States, as they are considered passengers on arriving flights; (2) For crew members traveling onboard an aircraft chartered by the U.S. Department of Defense that is arriving in the United States, the provisions of this section apply regarding electronic transmission of the manifest, except that: (i) The manifest certification provision of paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section is inapplicable; and (ii) The TSA manifest change approval requirement of paragraph (b)(2)(iii) of this section is inapplicable; (3) For crew members traveling onboard an aircraft chartered by the U.S. Department of Defense that is continuing a flight within the United States or overflying the United States, the manifest is not required; (4) For non-crew members traveling onboard an all-cargo flight chartered by the U.S. Department of Defense that is arriving in the United States, the manifest is not required, but the manifest requirement of §122.49a applies to these persons, as, in this instance, they are considered passengers on arriving flights; and (5) For non-crew members traveling onboard an all-cargo flight chartered by the U.S. Department of Defense that is continuing a flight within the United States or overflying the United States, the manifest is not required. (d) Carrier responsibility for comparing information collected with travel document. The carrier collecting the information described in paragraph (b)(3) of this section is responsible for comparing the travel document presented by the crew member or non-crew member with the travel document information it is transmitting to CBP in accordance with this section in order to ensure that the information is correct, the document appears to be valid for travel to the United States, and the crew member or non-crew member is the person to whom the travel document was issued. (e) Sharing of manifest information. Information contained in the crew member and non-crew member manifests required by this section that is received by CBP electronically may, upon request, be shared with other Federal agencies for the purpose of protecting national security. CBP may also share such information as otherwise authorized by law. (f) Superseding amendments issued by TSA. One or more of the requirements of this section may be superseded by specific provisions of, amendments to, or alternative procedures authorized by TSA for compliance with an aviation security program, emergency amendment, or security directive issued by the TSA to an air carrier subject to 49 CFR part 1544, 1546, or 1550. The provisions or amendments will have superseding effect only for the air carrier to which issued and only for the period of time specified in the provision or amendment. [CBP Dec. 05–12, 70 FR 17852, Apr. 7, 2005] (a) General requirement. Air carriers subject to the provisions of §122.49b and §122.75b, with respect to the flights covered in those sections, must electronically transmit to Customs and Border Protection (CBP), by means of an electronic data interchange system approved by CBP, a master crew member list and a master non-crew member list containing the information set forth in paragraph (c) of this section covering, respectively, all crew members and non-crew members operating and servicing its flights. The initial transmission of a list must be made at least two days in advance of any flight a crew member or non-crew member on the list will be operating, serving on, or traveling on and must contain the information set forth in paragraph (c) of this section. After review of the master crew list and the master non-crew list by TSA, TSA will advise the carrier of any crew members or non-crew members that must be removed from the list. Only those persons on the TSA-approved master crew and master non-crew lists will be permitted to operate, serve on, or travel on flights covered by this section. Until a carrier becomes a participant in the CBP-approved electronic interchange system, it must submit the required information in a format provided by TSA. (b) Changes to master lists. After the initial transmission of the master crew member and non-crew member lists to CBP, the carrier is obligated to update the lists as necessary. To add a name to either list, along with the required information set forth in paragraph (c) of this section, or to add or change information relative to a name already submitted, the carrier must transmit the information to CBP at least 24 hours in advance of any flight the added or subject crew member or non-crew member will be operating, serving on, or traveling on. A carrier must submit deletions from the lists as expeditiously as possible. (c) Master list information. The electronic master crew lists required under paragraph (a) of this section must contain the following information with respect to each crew member or non-crew member that operates, serves on, or travels on a carrier's flights that are covered by this section except that the information specified in paragraphs (c)(4), (5), (6), (7), and (10) of this section must be included on the manifest only on or after October 4, 2005: (1) Full name (last, first, and, if available, middle); (2) Gender; (3) Date of birth; (4) Place of birth (city, state—if applicable, and country); (5) Citizenship; (6) Country of residence; (7) Address of permanent residence; (8) Passport number, if passport required; (9) Passport country of issuance, if passport required; (10) Passport expiration date, if passport required; (11) Pilot certificate number and country of issuance, if applicable; (12) Status onboard the aircraft. (d) Exception. The master crew member and non-crew member list requirements of this section do not apply to aircraft chartered by the U.S. Department of Defense. (e) Superseding amendments issued by TSA. One or more of the requirements of this section may be superseded by specific provisions of, amendments to, or alternative procedures authorized by TSA for compliance with an aviation security program, emergency amendment, or security directive issued by the TSA to an air carrier subject to the provisions of 49 CFR part 1544, 1546, or 1550. The amendments will have superseding effect only for the air carrier to which issued and only for the period of time specified in the amendment. [CBP Dec. 05–12, 70 FR 17854, Apr. 7, 2005] (a) General requirement. Each air carrier, foreign and domestic, operating a passenger flight in foreign air transportation to or from the United States, including flights to the United States where the passengers have already been pre-inspected or pre-cleared at the foreign location for admission to the U.S., must, upon request, provide Customs with electronic access to certain Passenger Name Record (PNR) information, as defined and described in paragraph (b) of this section. In order to readily provide Customs with such access to requested PNR information, each air carrier must ensure that its electronic reservation/departure control systems correctly interface with the U.S. Customs Data Center, Customs Headquarters, as prescribed in paragraph (c)(1) of this section. (b) PNR information defined; PNR information that Customs may request—(1) PNR information defined. Passenger Name Record (PNR) information refers to reservation information contained in an air carrier's electronic reservation system and/or departure control system that sets forth the identity and travel plans of each passenger or group of passengers included under the same reservation record with respect to any flight covered by paragraph (a) of this section. (2) PNR data that Customs may request. The air carrier, upon request, must provide Customs with electronic access to any and all PNR data elements relating to the identity and travel plans of a passenger concerning any flight under paragraph (a) of this section, to the extent that the carrier in fact possesses the requested data elements in its reservation system and/or departure control system. There is no requirement that the carrier collect any PNR information under this paragraph, that the carrier does not otherwise collect on its own and maintain in its electronic reservation/departure control systems. (c) Required carrier system interface with Customs Data Center to facilitate Customs retrieval of requested PNR data—(1) Carrier requirements for interface with Customs. Within the time specified in paragraph (c)(2) of this section, each air carrier must fully and effectively interface its electronic reservation/departure control systems with the U.S. Customs Data Center, Customs Headquarters, in order to facilitate Customs ability to retrieve needed Passenger Name Record data from these electronic systems. To effect this interface between the air carrier's electronic reservation/departure control systems and the Customs Data Center, the carrier must: (i) Provide Customs with an electronic connection to its reservation system and/or departure control system. (This connection can be provided directly to the Customs Data Center, Customs Headquarters, or through a third party vendor that has such a connection to Customs.); (ii) Provide Customs with the necessary airline reservation/departure control systems' commands that will enable Customs to: (A) Connect to the carrier's reservation/departure control systems; (B) Obtain the carrier's schedules of flights; (C) Obtain the carrier's passenger flight lists; and (D) Obtain data for all passengers listed for a specific flight; and (iii) Provide technical assistance to Customs as required for the continued full and effective interface of the carrier's electronic reservation/departure control systems with the Customs Data Center, in order to ensure the proper response from the carrier's systems to requests for data that are made by Customs. (2) Time within which carrier must interface with Customs Data Center to facilitate Customs access to requested PNR data. Any air carrier which has not taken steps to fully and effectively interface its electronic reservation/departure control systems with the Customs Data Center must do so, as prescribed in paragraphs (c)(1)(i)–(c)(1)(iii) of this section, within 30 days from the date that Customs contacts the carrier and requests that the carrier effect such an interface. After being contacted by Customs, if an air carrier determines it needs more than 30 days to properly interface its automated database with the Customs Data Center, it may apply in writing to the Assistant Commissioner, Office of Field Operations (OFO) for an extension. Following receipt of the application, the Assistant Commissioner, OFO, may, in writing, allow the carrier an extension of this period for good cause shown. The Assistant Commissioner's decision as to whether and/or to what extent to grant such an extension is within the sole discretion of the Assistant Commissioner and is final. (d) Sharing of PNR information with other Federal agencies. Passenger Name Record information as described in paragraph (b)(2) of this section that is made available to Customs electronically may, upon request, be shared with other Federal agencies for the purpose of protecting national security (49 U.S.C. 44909(c)(5)). Customs may also share such data as otherwise authorized by law. [T.D. 02–33, 67 FR 42712, June 25, 2002. Redesignated by CBP Dec. 05–12, 70 FR 17852, Apr. 7, 2005] (a) Any merchandise or baggage regularly landed but not covered by a permit for its release shall be allowed to remain at the place of unlading until the fifteenth calendar day after landing. No later than 20 calendar days after landing, the pilot or owner of the aircraft or the agent thereof shall notify Customs of any such merchandise or baggage for which entry has not been made. Such notification shall be provided in writing or by any appropriate Customs-authorized electronic data interchange system. Failure to provide such notification may result in assessment of a monetary penalty of up to $1,000 per bill of lading against the pilot or owner of the aircraft or the agent thereof. If the value of the merchandise on the bill is less than $1,000, the penalty shall be equal to the value of such merchandise. (b) Any merchandise or baggage that is taken into custody from an arriving carrier by any party under a Customs-authorized permit to transfer or in-bond entry may remain in the custody of that party for 15 calendar days after receipt under such permit to transfer or 15 calendar days after arrival at the port of destination. No later than 20 calendar days after receipt under the permit to transfer or 20 calendar days after arrival under bond at the port of destination, the party shall notify Customs of any such merchandise or baggage for which entry has not been made. Such notification shall be provided in writing or by any appropriate Customs-authorized electronic data interchange system. If the party fails to notify Customs of the unentered merchandise or baggage in the allotted time, he may be liable for the payment of liquidated damages under the terms and conditions of his custodial bond (see §113.63(c)(4) of this chapter). (c) In addition to the notification to Customs required under paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, the carrier (or any other party to whom custody of the unentered merchandise has been transferred by a Customs authorized permit to transfer or in-bond entry) shall provide notification of the presence of such unreleased and unentered merchandise or baggage to a bonded warehouse certified by the port director as qualified to receive general order merchandise. Such notification shall be provided in writing or by any appropriate Customs-authorized electronic data interchange system and shall be provided within the applicable 20-day period specified in paragraph (a) or (b) of this section. It shall then be the responsibility of the bonded warehouse proprietor to arrange for the transportation and storage of the merchandise or baggage at the risk and expense of the consignee. The arriving carrier (or other party to whom custody of the merchandise was transferred by the carrier under a Customs-authorized permit to transfer or in-bond entry) is responsible for preparing a Customs Form (CF) 6043 (Delivery Ticket), or other similar Customs document as designated by the port director or an electronic equivalent as authorized by Customs, to cover the proprietor's receipt of the merchandise and its transport to the warehouse from the custody of the arriving carrier (or other party to whom custody of the merchandise was transferred by the carrier under a Customs-authorized permit to transfer or in-bond entry) (see §19.9 of this chapter). Any unentered merchandise or baggage shall remain the responsibility of the carrier, pilot, or person in charge of the importing aircraft, or the agent thereof, or party to whom the merchandise has been transferred under a Customs authorized permit to transfer or in-bond entry, until it is properly transferred from his control in accordance with this paragraph. If the party to whom custody of the unentered merchandise or baggage has been transferred by a Customs-authorized permit to transfer or in-bond entry fails to notify a Customs-approved bonded warehouse of such merchandise or baggage within the applicable 20-calendar-day period, he may be liable for the payment of liquidated damages of $1,000 per bill of lading under the terms and conditions of his international carrier or custodial bond (see §§113.63(b), 113.63(c) and 113.64(b) of this chapter). (d) If the carrier or any other party to whom custody of the unentered merchandise has been transferred by a Customs-authorized permit to transfer or in-bond entry fails to timely relinquish custody of the merchandise to a Customs-approved bonded General Order warehouse, the carrier or other party may be liable for liquidated damages equal to the value of that merchandise under the terms and conditions of his international carrier or custodial bond, as applicable. (e) If the bonded warehouse operator fails to take possession of unentered and unreleased merchandise or baggage within five calendar days after receipt of notification of the presence of such merchandise or baggage under this section, he may be liable for the payment of liquidated damages under the terms and conditions of his custodial bond (see §113.63(a)(1) of this chapter). If the port director finds that the warehouse proprietor cannot accept the goods because they are required by law to be exported or destroyed (see §127.28 of this chapter), or for other good cause, the goods will remain in the custody of the arriving carrier or other party to whom the goods have been transferred under a Customs-authorized permit to transfer or in-bond entry. In this event, the carrier or other party will be responsible under bond for exporting or destroying the goods, as necessary (see §§113.63(c)(3) and 113.64(b) of this chapter). (f) In ports where there is no bonded warehouse authorized to accept general order merchandise, or if merchandise requires specialized storage facilities that are unavailable in a bonded facility, the port director, after having received notice of the presence of unentered merchandise or baggage in accordance with the provisions of this section, shall direct the storage of the merchandise by the carrier or by any other appropriate means. (g) Merchandise taken into the custody of the port director pursuant to section 490(b), Tariff Act of 1930, as amended (19 U.S.C. 1490(b)), shall be sent to a general order warehouse after 1 day after the day the aircraft arrived, to be held there at the risk and expense of the consignee. [T.D. 98–74, 63 FR 51288, Sept. 25, 1998, as amended by T.D. 02–65, 67 FR 68033, Nov. 8, 2002]
Title 19: Customs Duties
PART 122—AIR COMMERCE REGULATIONS
Subpart E—Aircraft Entry and Entry Documents; Electronic Manifest Requirements for Passengers, Crew Members, and Non-Crew Members Onboard Commercial Aircraft Arriving In, Continuing Within, and Overflying the United States
§ 122.41 Aircraft required to enter.
§ 122.42 Aircraft entry.
§ 122.43 General declaration.
§ 122.44 Crew baggage declaration.
§ 122.45 Crew list.
§ 122.46 Crew purchase list.
§ 122.47 Stores list.
§ 122.48 Air cargo manifest.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Name of examining Check No. Description Where from Destination officer Disposition-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
§ 122.48a Electronic information for air cargo required in advance of arrival.
§ 122.49 Correction of air cargo manifest or air waybill.
§ 122.49a Electronic manifest requirement for passengers onboard commercial aircraft arriving in the United States.
§ 122.49b Electronic manifest requirement for crew members and non-crew members onboard commercial aircraft arriving in, continuing within, and overflying the United States.
§ 122.49c Master crew member list and master non-crew member list requirement for commercial aircraft arriving in, departing from, continuing within, and overflying the United States.
§ 122.49d Passenger Name Record (PNR) information.
§ 122.50 General order merchandise.
