41 C.F.R. PART 50–201—GENERAL REGULATIONS
Title 41 - Public Contracts and Property Management
Authority: Sec. 4, 49 Stat. 2038; 41 U.S.C. 38. Interpret or apply sec. 6, 49 Stat. 2038, as amended; 41 U.S.C. 40; 108 Stat. 7201.
The Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act, as amended (41 U.S.C. 35–45), hereinafter referred to as the Act, was enacted “to provide conditions for the purchase of supplies and the making of contracts by the United States.” It is not an act of general applicability to industry. The Supreme Court has described it as an instruction by the Government to its agents who were selected and granted final authority to fix the terms and conditions under which the Government will permit goods to be sold to it. Its purpose, according to the Supreme Court “was to impose obligations upon those favored with Government business and to obviate the possibility that any part of our tremendous national expenditures would go to forces tending to depress wages and purchasing power and offending fair social standards of employment.” (“Perkins v. Lukens Steel Co.,” 310 U.S. 113, 128 (1940); “Endicott Johnson Corp. v. Perkins,” 317 U.S. 501 (1943).) To this end, the Act requires those who enter into contracts to perform Government work subject to its terms to adhere to specifically prescribed representations and stipulations as set forth in 41 CFR 50–201.1 pertaining to qualifications of contractors, minimum wages, overtime pay, safe and sanitary working conditions of workers employed on the contract, the use of child labor or convict labor on the contract work, and the enforcement of such provisions. Except as otherwise specifically provided, these representations and stipulations are required to be included in every contract “for the manufacture or furnishing of materials, supplies, articles, and equipment in any amount exceeding $10,000” which is made and entered into by an agency of the United States or other entity as designated in section 1 of the Act, hereinafter referred to as “contracting agency.” Contractors performing work subject to the Act thus “enter into competition to obtain Government business on terms of which they are fairly forwarned by inclusion in the contract.” (“Endicott Johnson Corp. v. Perkins, supra,” 317 U.S. at 507.) The Act also provides for enforcement of the required representations and stipulations by various methods. Certain exemptions from the application of the Act are provided in section 9 of the statute. Other exemptions, variations, and tolerances may be provided under section 6 of the statute by the Secretary of Labor or the President. [43 FR 22975, May 30, 1978. Redesignated at 61 FR 40716, Aug. 5, 1996] (a) The Secretary of Labor is authorized and directed to administer the provisions of the Act, to make investigations, findings, and decisions thereunder, and to make, amend, and rescind rules and regulations with respect to its application (see sections 4 and 5). The Supreme Court has recognized that the Secretary may issue rulings defining the coverage of the Act. (“Endicott Johnson Corp. v. Perkins, supra”.) According to the Court (ibid.), in the statute as originally enacted “Congress submitted the administration of the Act to the judgment of the Secretary of Labor, not to the judgment of the courts.” An amendment to the Act in 1952 added specific provisions for judicial review (see section 10). The Secretary has promulgated regulations to carry out provisions of the Act, which are set forth elsewhere in this chapter (Part 50–201 (General Regulations); Part 50–202 (Minimum Wage Determinations); Part 50–203 (Rules of Practice); and Part 50–204 (Safety and Health Standards)). The Secretary of Labor has delegated to the Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division through the Assistant Secretary for Employment Standards the authority to promulgate regulations and to issue official rulings and interpretations. So long as such regulations, rulings, and interpretations are not modified, amended, rescinded, or determined by judicial authority to be incorrect, they may be relied upon as provided in section 10 of the Portal-to-Portal Act of 1947 (61 Stat. 84, 29 U.S.C. 251, et seq., discussed in 29 CFR part 790). Furthermore, these interpretations are intended to indicate the construction of the law which the Department of Labor believes to be correct and which will be followed in the administration of the Act unless and until directed otherwise by Act of Congress or by authoritative rulings of the courts. (“Skidmore v. Swift & Co.”, 323 U.S. 134 (1944), “Roland Co. v. Walling”, 326 U.S. 657 (1946); “Endicott Johnson Corp. v. Perkins, supra”, and “Perkins v. Lukens Steel Co., supra”.) (b) The courts have held that the “interpretations of the Walsh-Healey Act and the regulations adopted thereunder, as made by the Secretary of Labor acting through his Administrator, are both correct and reasonable.” (“Jno. McCall Coal Company v. United States,” 374 F. 2d 689, 692 (C.A. 4, 1967); see also “United States v. Davison Fuel and Dock Company,” 371 F. 2d 705, 711–714 (C.A. 4, 1967).) These policies are designed to protect not only employees but also the competitive interest of all firms qualified to compete for covered contracts. [43 FR 22975, May 30, 1978. Redesignated at 61 FR 40716, Aug. 5, 1996] Except as hereinafter directed, in every contract made and entered into by an executive department, independent establishment, or other agency or instrumentality of the United States, or by the District of Columbia, or by any corporation all the stock of which is beneficially owned by the United States, for the manufacture or furnishing of materials, supplies, articles, and equipment, the contracting officer shall cause to be inserted or incorporated by reference in such invitation or the specifications and in such contract, the following stipulations: Representations and Stipulations Pursuant to Public Law 846, 74th Congress, as Amended
(a) All persons employed by the contractor in the manufacture or furnishing of the materials, supplies, articles, or equipment used in the performance of the contract will be paid, without subsequent deduction or rebate on any account, not less than the minimum wages as determined by the Secretary of Labor to be the prevailing minimum wages for persons employed on similar work or in the particular or similar industries or groups of industries currently operating in the locality in which the materials, supplies, articles, or equipment are to be manufactured or furnished under the contract. (b) No person employed by the contractor in the manufacture or furnishing of the materials, supplies, articles, or equipment used in the performance of the contract shall be permittted to work in excess of 40 hours in any 1 week unless such person is paid such applicable overtime rate as has been set by the Secretary of Labor: Provided, however, That the provisions of this stipulation shall not apply to any employer who shall have entered into an agreement with his employees pursuant to the provisions of paragraphs 1 or 2 of subsection (b) of section 7 of an act entitled “The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938”: Provided, further, That in the case of such an employer, during the life of the agreement referred to the applicable overtime rate set by the Secretary of Labor shall be paid for hours in excess of 12 in any 1 day or in excess of 56 in any 1 week and if such overtime is not paid, the employer shall be required to compensate his employees during that week at the applicable overtime rate set by the Secretary of Labor for hours in excess of 40 in any 1 week. (c) No person under 16 years of age and no convict labor will be employed by the contractor in the manufacture or production or furnishing of any of the materials, supplies, articles, or equipment included in the contract. (d) No part of the contract will be performed nor will any of the materials, supplies, articles, or equipment to be manufactured or furnished under said contract be manufactured or fabricated in any plants, factories, buildings, or surroundings or under working conditions which are unsanitary or hazardous or dangerous to the health and safety of employees engaged in the performance of the contract. Compliance with the safety, sanitary, and factory inspection laws of the State in which the work or part thereof is to be performed shall be prima facie evidence of compliance with this paragraph. (e) Any breach or violation of any of the foregoing representations and stipulations shall render the party responsible therefor liable to the United States of America for liquidated damages, in addition to damages for any other breach of the contract, in the sum of $10 per day for each person under 16 years of age, or each convict laborer knowingly employed in the performance of the contract, and a sum equal to the amount of any deductions, rebates, refunds, or underpayment of wages due to any employee engaged in the performance of the contract; and, in addition, the agency of the United States entering into the contract shall have the right to cancel same and to make open-market purchases or enter into other contracts for the completion of the original contract, charging any additional cost to the original contractor. Any sums of money due to the United States of America by reason of any violation of any of the representations and stipulations of the contract as set forth herein may be withheld from any amounts due on the contract or may be recovered in a suit brought in the name of the United States of America by the Attorney General thereof. All sums withheld or recovered as deductions, rebates, refunds, or underpayments of wages shall be held in a special deposit account and shall be paid, on order of the Secretary of Labor, directly to the employees who have been paid less than minimum rates of pay as set forth in such contracts and on whose account such sums were withheld or recovered: Provided, That no claims by employees for such payments shall be entertained unless made within 1 year from the date of actual notice to the contractor of the withholding or recovery of such sums by the United States of America. (f) The contractor shall post a copy of the stipulations in a prominent and readily accessible place at the site of the contract work and shall keep such employment records as are required in the regulations under the act available for inspection by authorized representatives of the Secretary of Labor. (g) The contractor is not a person who is ineligible to be awarded Government contracts by virtue of sanctions imposed pursuant to the provisions of section 3 of the act. (h) No part of the contract shall be performed and none of the materials, articles, supplies or equipment manufactured or furnished under the contract shall be manufactured or furnished by any person found by the Secretary of Labor to be ineligible to be awarded Government contracts pursuant to section 3 of the act. (i) The foregoing stipulations shall be deemed inoperative if this contract is for a definite amount not in excess of $10,000. [7 FR 4494, June 16, 1942, as amended at 7 FR 11086, Dec. 30, 1942; 11 FR 6238, June 8, 1946. Redesignated at 24 FR 10952, Dec. 30, 1959, and amended at 27 FR 306, Jan. 11, 1962; 27 FR 4556, May 12, 1962; 34 FR 6687, Apr. 19, 1969; 34 FR 7451, May 8, 1969; 51 FR 12266, Apr. 9, 1986. Redesignated and amended at 61 FR 40716, Aug. 5, 1996] Inclusion of the stipulations enumerated in §50–201.1 is not required in the following instances: (a) Where the contracting officer is authorized by the express language of a statute to purchase “in the open market”, or where a purchase of articles, supplies, materials or equipment, either in being or virtually so, is made without advertising for bids under circumstances bringing such purchase within the exception to the General Purchase Statute, R.S. 3709, that is, where immediate delivery is required by the public exigency. (b) Where the contract relates to perishables, including dairy, livestock, and nursery products (“perishables” covers products subject to decay or spoilage and not products canned, salted, smoked, or otherwise preserved); (c) Where the contract relates to agricultural or farm products processed for first sale by the original producers; (d) Where the contract is by the Secretary of Agriculture for the purchase of agricultural commodities or the products thereof; (e) Where the contract is with a common carrier for carriage of freight or personnel by vessel, airplane, bus, truck, express, or railway line, where published tariff rates are in effect; (f) Where the contract is for the furnishing of service by radio, telephone, telegraph, or cable companies, subject to the Federal Communications Act of 1934 (48 Stat. 1064 as amended; 47 U.S.C. chapter 5). [Regs. 504, 1 FR 1626, Sept. 19, 1936, as amended at 9 FR 8347, July 22, 1944. Redesignated at 24 FR 10952, Dec. 30, 1959, and further redesignated at 61 FR 40716, Aug. 5, 1996] The stipulations shall be deemed applicable only to employees engaged in or connected with the manufacture, fabrication, assembling, handling, supervision, or shipment of materials, supplies, articles, or equipment required under the contract, and shall not be deemed applicable to employees performing only office or custodial work, nor to any employee employed in a bona fide executive, administrative, professional, or outside salesman capacity, as those terms are defined and delimited by the regulations (29 CFR part 541) applicable during the period of performance of the contract under section 13(a)(1) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, as amended. [35 FR 17782, Nov. 19, 1970. Redesignated at 61 FR 40716, Aug. 5, 1996] (a) Employees engaged in or connected with the manufacture, fabrication, assembling, handling, supervision, or shipment of materials, supplies, articles, or equipment used in the performance of the contract may be employed in excess of 40 hours in any one week: Provided, Such persons shall be paid for any hours in excess of 40 hours in any one week the overtime rate of pay which has been set therefor by the Secretary of Labor. (b) Until otherwise set by the Secretary of Labor the rate of pay for such overtime shall be one and one-half times the basic hourly rate received by the employee. The “basic hourly rate” means an hourly rate equivalent to the rate upon which time-and-one-half overtime compensation may be computed and paid under section 7 of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, as amended. The basic hourly rate may, in no case, be less than the applicable minimum wage. (c) If in any one week or part thereof an employee is engaged in work covered by the contract's stipulations, overtime shall be paid for any hours worked in excess of 40 hours in any one week at the overtime rate set forth in paragraph (b) of this section. (d) The overtime pay requirements of this section shall be deemed to be complied with in the case of any employee employed as provided in section 7(b) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, as amended, pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (1) or (2) of that section. [7 FR 4494, June 16, 1942, as amended at 18 FR 1832, Apr. 2, 1953. Redesignated at 24 FR 10952, Dec. 30, 1959, as amended at 51 FR 12266, Apr. 9, 1986. Redesignated at 61 FR 40716, Aug. 5, 1996] Whenever a dealer, to whom a contract within the act and regulations in this part has been awarded, causes a manufacturer to deliver directly to the Government the materials, supplies, articles, or equipment required under the contract, such dealer will be deemed the agent of the manufacturer in executing the contract. As the principal of such agent the manufacturer will be deemed to have agreed to the stipulations contained in the contract. [1 FR 2359, Nov. 28, 1936. Redesignated at 24 FR 10952, Dec. 30, 1959, and further redesignated at 61 FR 40716, Aug. 5, 1996] An employer shall not be deemed to have knowingly employed an underage minor in the performance of contracts subject to the Act if, during the period of the employment of such minor, the employer has on file an unexpired certificate of age issued and held pursuant to regulations issued by the Secretary of Labor under section 3(1) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 CFR 570.121), showing that such minor is at least 16 years of age. [52 FR 6147, Mar. 2, 1987. Redesignated at 61 FR 40716, Aug. 5, 1996] In determining the hours for which an employee is employed, there shall be excluded any time which is excluded by section 3(o) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, as amended, from the computation of hours worked for purposes of sections 6 and 7 of that act. [18 FR 1832, Apr. 2, 1953. Redesignated at 24 FR 10952, Dec. 30, 1959, and further redesignated at 61 FR 40716, Aug. 5, 1996] (a) Whenever the Department of Labor notifies the head of a contracting agency that a contractor is liable for liquidated damages by reason of a breach of stipulations as provided in section 2 of the act, there shall be withheld from any balance due under the contract such amount as may be necessary to satisfy such liability pending final disposition of the case. (b) Whenever a final determination of a breach of stipulations is made, the Secretary of Labor will furnish to the contracting agency a copy of the findings and decision with such recommendations as will assist the contracting agency in determining whether or not the contract should be canceled for such breach. [Regs. 504, 1 FR 1627, Sept. 19, 1936. Redesignated at 24 FR 10952, Dec. 30, 1959] Each agency which prescribes additional regulations for the Administration of the Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act and for the implementation of the regulations in this part, shall submit such regulations, directives, and orders to the Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division prior to issuance. Any such regulations may not be enforced prior to approval by the Administrator or prior to 60 days after submission if not disapproved by the Administrator. Currently existing regulations are not affected by this section, except where such regulations are not in conformity with the Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act and the Department of Labor regulations. In such cases, agency regulations shall be appropriately revised. [43 FR 22977, May 30, 1978] Every contractor subject to the provisions of the act and this part shall maintain the following records of employment which shall be available for the inspection and transcription of authorized representatives of the Secretary of Labor: (a) Name, address, sex, and occupation of each employee covered by the contract stipulations; (b) Date of birth of each employee under 19 years of age; and if the employer has obtained a certificate of age as provided in §50–201.105, there shall also be recorded the title and address of the office issuing such certificate, the number of the certificate, if any, the date of its issuance, and the name, address and date of birth of the minor, as the same appears on the certificate of age; (c) Wage-and-hour records for each such employee including the rate of wages and the amount paid each pay period, the hours worked each day and each week, and the period during which each such employee was engaged on a Government contract with the number of such contract. Compliance with this paragraph shall be deemed complete if wage-and-hour records for all employees in the plant are maintained during the period between the award of any Government contract and the date of delivery of the materials, supplies, articles, or equipment: Provided, That where no separate records for employees engaged on Government contracts are maintained, it shall be presumed until affirmative proof is present to the contrary that all employees in the plant, from the date of award of any such contract until the date of delivery of the materials, supplies, articles or equipment, were engaged on such Government contract; (d) The records required by paragraphs (a), (b), and (c) of this section shall be kept on file for at least 3 years from their last date of entry; (e) Basic employment and earnings records: All basic time and earning cards or sheets of the employer on which are entered the daily starting and stopping time of individual employees or of separate work forces, or the individual employees' daily, weekly, or pay period amounts of work accomplished (for example, units produced) when those amounts determine in whole or in part the pay period earnings or wages of those employees; (f) Wage rate tables: All tables or schedules of the employer which provide the piece rates or other rates used in computing straight-time earnings, wages or salary, or overtime excess compensation; (g) Work time schedules: All schedules or tables of the employer which establish the hours and days of employment of individual employees or of separate work forces; (h) The records required by paragraphs (e), (f), and (g) of this section shall be kept on file at least 2 years from their last date of entry or their last effective date whichever is later. [7 FR 7949, Oct. 7, 1942, as amended at 13 FR 5440, Sept. 17, 1948; 23 FR 2573, Apr. 18, 1958. Redesignated at 24 FR 10952, Dec. 30, 1959, and amended at 47 FR 145, Jan. 5, 1982] Every person who is or shall become a party to a Government contract which is subject to the provisions of the Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act and the regulations thereunder, or who is performing or shall perform any part of such contract subject to the provisions of such Act or regulations, shall comply with the recordkeeping requirements of 29 CFR Part 1904. [36 FR 20676, Oct. 28, 1971] (a)(1) Request for the exception or exemption of a contract or class of contracts from the inclusion or application of one or more of those stipulations required by §50–201.1 must be made by the head of a contracting agency or department and shall be accompanied with a finding by him setting forth reasons why such inclusion or application will seriously impair the conduct of Government business. (2) Request for the exception or exemption of a stipulation respecting minimum rates of pay and maximum hours of labor contained in an existing contract must be made jointly by the head of the contracting agency and the contractor and shall be accompanied with a joint finding by them setting forth reasons why such exception or exemption is desired. (b) All requests for exceptions or exemptions which relate solely to safety and health standards shall be transmitted directly to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC 20210, or, for those pertaining to coal mines, the Mine Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, 4015 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, VA 22203. All other requests for exceptions or exemptions shall be transmitted to the Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division, Employment Standards Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC 20210. [7 FR 4767, June 26, 1942. Redesignated at 24 FR 10952, Dec. 30, 1959 and amended at 36 FR 288, Jan. 8, 1971; 52 FR 6147, Mar. 2, 1987] Decisions concerning exceptions and exemptions shall be in writing and approved by the Secretary of Labor or authorized representative, and shall be transmitted to the department or agency originating the request and to the Comptroller General. All such decisions containing significant issues of general applicability shall be disseminated to all contracting agencies by the Wage and Hour Division, ESA, of the Department of Labor. [52 FR 6147, Mar. 2, 1987] The following classes of contracts have been exempted from the application of §50–201.1 pursuant to the procedure required under section 6 of the act: (a) Contracts for public utility services including electric light and power, water, steam, and gas; (b) Contracts for materials, supplies, articles, or equipment no part of which will be manufactured or furnished within the geographic limits of the States of the United States of America, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, or the District of Columbia: In addition, the representations and stipulations required by the act and this part in any contract for materials, supplies, articles, or equipment to be manufactured or furnished in part within and in part outside such geographic limits shall not be applicable to any work performed under the contract outside such geographic limits; (c) Contracts covering purchases against the account of a defaulting contractor where the stipulations required in this section were not included in the defaulted contract; (d) Contracts awarded to sales' agents or publisher representatives, for the delivery of newspapers, magazines or periodicals by the publishers thereof. [25 FR 12553, Dec. 8, 1960] Whenever used in the regulations in this part, the word person includes one or more individuals, partnerships, associations, corporations, legal representatives, trustees, trustees in bankruptcy, or receivers. [1 FR 1627, Sept. 19, 1936. Redesignated at 24 FR 10952, Dec. 30, 1959] Determinations of prevailing minimum wages or changes therein will be published in the [52 FR 6147, Mar. 2, 1987] (a) Apprentices, student-learners, and workers, whose earning capacity is impaired by age or physical or mental deficiencies or injuries may be employed at wages lower than the prevailing minimum wages, determined by the Secretary of Labor pursuant to section 1(b) of the Public Contracts Act, in accordance with the same standards and procedures as are prescribed for the employment of apprentices, student-learners, handicapped persons, and handicapped clients of sheltered workshops under section 14 of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, and by the regulations of the Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division of the Department of Labor issued thereunder (29 CFR parts 520, 521, 524, 525, and 528). (b) Any certificate in effect pursuant to such regulations shall constitute authorization for employment of that worker under the Public Contracts Act in accordance with the terms of the certificate, insofar as the prevailing minimum wage is concerned. (c) The Administrator is authorized to issue certificates under the Public Contracts Act for the employment of apprentices, student-learners, handicapped persons, or handicapped clients of sheltered workshops not subject to the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, or subject to different minimum rates of pay under the two acts, at appropriate rates of compensation and in accordance with the standards and procedures prescribed by the applicable regulations issued under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 CFR parts 520, 521, 524, and 525). (d) The Administrator is also authorized to withdraw, annul, or cancel such certificates in accordance with the regulations set forth in 29 CFR parts 525 and 528. [28 FR 9529, Aug. 30, 1963, as amended at 52 FR 6147, Mar. 2, 1987] Whenever any officer or employee of the United States Government or of any agency thereof has any knowledge of, or receives any complaint with respect to, a breach or violation of the stipulations required under §50–201.1, he shall transmit such complaint according to the usual practice in his department to the Department of Labor, together with such other information as he has in his possession. [1 FR 1627, Sept. 19, 1936. Redesignated at 24 FR 10952, Dec. 30, 1959] Nothing in this part shall be construed as impairing the authority possessed by any contracting agency to require labor standards in contracts not covered by this act. [1 FR 1627, Sept. 19, 1936. Redesignated, at 24 FR 10952, Dec. 30, 1959]
Title 41: Public Contracts and Property Management
PART 50–201—GENERAL REGULATIONS
Section Contents
§ 50-201.1 The Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act.
§ 50-201.2 Administration of the Act.
§ 50-201.3 Insertion of stipulations.
§ 50-201.4 Statutory exemptions.
§ 50-201.101 Employees affected.
§ 50-201.102 Overtime.
§ 50-201.103 Dealer as agent of undisclosed principal.
§ 50-201.104 Protection against unintentional employment of underage minors.
§ 50-201.105 Hours worked.
§ 50-201.201 Breach of stipulations.
§ 50-201.301 Agency regulations.
§ 50-201.501 Records of employment.
§ 50-201.502 Record of injuries.
§ 50-201.601 Requests for exceptions and exemptions.
§ 50-201.602 Decisions concerning exceptions and exemptions.
§ 50-201.603 Full administrative exemptions.
§ 50-201.701 Definition of “person.”
§ 50-201.1101 Minimum wages.
§ 50-201.1102 Tolerance for apprentices, student-learners, and handicapped workers.
§ 50-201.1201 [Reserved]
§ 50-201.1202 Complaints.
§ 50-201.1203 Other contracts.
§ 50-201.1 The Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act.
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§ 50-201.2 Administration of the Act.
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§ 50-201.3 Insertion of stipulations.
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§ 50-201.4 Statutory exemptions.
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§ 50-201.101 Employees affected.
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§ 50-201.102 Overtime.
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§ 50-201.103 Dealer as agent of undisclosed principal.
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§ 50-201.104 Protection against unintentional employment of underage minors.
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§ 50-201.105 Hours worked.
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§ 50-201.201 Breach of stipulations.
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§ 50-201.301 Agency regulations.
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§ 50-201.501 Records of employment.
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§ 50-201.502 Record of injuries.
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§ 50-201.601 Requests for exceptions and exemptions.
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§ 50-201.602 Decisions concerning exceptions and exemptions.
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§ 50-201.603 Full administrative exemptions.
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§ 50-201.701 Definition of “person.”
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§ 50-201.1101 Minimum wages.
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§ 50-201.1102 Tolerance for apprentices, student-learners, and handicapped workers.
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§ 50-201.1201 [Reserved]
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§ 50-201.1202 Complaints.
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§ 50-201.1203 Other contracts.
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