49 C.F.R. Subpart B—Drug Testing
Title 49 - Transportation
The purpose of this subpart is to establish programs designed to help prevent accidents and injuries resulting from the use of prohibited drugs by employees who perform covered functions for operators of certain pipeline facilities subject to part 192, 193, or 195 of this chapter. [Amdt. 199–19, 66 FR 47118, Sept. 11, 2001] (a) Each operator shall maintain and follow a written anti-drug plan that conforms to the requirements of this part and the DOT Procedures. The plan must contain— (1) Methods and procedures for compliance with all the requirements of this part, including the employee assistance program; (2) The name and address of each laboratory that analyzes the specimens collected for drug testing; (3) The name and address of the operator's Medical Review Officer, and Substance Abuse Professional; and (4) Procedures for notifying employees of the coverage and provisions of the plan. (b) The Administrator or the State Agency that has submitted a current certification under the pipeline safety laws (49 U.S.C. 60101 et seq.) with respect to the pipeline facility governed by an operator's plans and procedures may, after notice and opportunity for hearing as provided in 49 CFR 190.237 or the relevant State procedures, require the operator to amend its plans and procedures as necessary to provide a reasonable level of safety. [53 FR 47096, Nov. 21, 1988, as amended by Amdt. 199–2, 54 FR 51850, Dec. 18, 1989; Amdt. 199–4, 56 FR 31091, July 9, 1991; 56 FR 41077, Aug. 19, 1991; Amdt. 199–13, 61 FR 18518, Apr. 26, 1996; Amdt. 199–15, 63 FR 36863, July 8, 1998. Redesignated by Amdt. 199–19, 66 FR 47118, Sept. 11, 2001] (a) An operator may not knowingly use as an employee any person who— (1) Fails a drug test required by this part and the medical review officer makes a determination under DOT Procedures; or (2) Refuses to take a drug test required by this part. (b) Paragraph (a)(1) of this section does not apply to a person who has— (1) Passed a drug test under DOT Procedures; (2) Been considered by the medical review officer in accordance with DOT Procedures and been determined by a substance abuse professional to have successfully completed required education or treatment; and (3) Not failed a drug test required by this part after returning to duty. [53 FR 47096, Nov. 21, 1988, as amended by Amdt. 199–2, 54 FR 51850, Dec. 18, 1989. Redesignated and amended by Amdt. 199–19, 66 FR 47118, Sept. 11, 2001] Each operator shall conduct the following drug tests for the presence of a prohibited drug: (a) Pre-employment testing. No operator may hire or contract for the use of any person as an employee unless that person passes a drug test or is covered by an anti-drug program that conforms to the requirements of this part. (b) Post-accident testing. As soon as possible but no later than 32 hours after an accident, an operator shall drug test each employee whose performance either contributed to the accident or cannot be completely discounted as a contributing factor to the accident. An operator may decide not to test under this paragraph but such a decision must be based on the best information available immediately after the accident that the employee's performance could not have contributed to the accident or that, because of the time between that performance and the accident, it is not likely that a drug test would reveal whether the performance was affected by drug use. (c) Random testing. (1) Except as provided in paragraphs (c)(2) through (4) of this section, the minimum annual percentage rate for random drug testing shall be 50 percent of covered employees. (2) The Administrator's decision to increase or decrease the minimum annual percentage rate for random drug testing is based on the reported positive rate for the entire industry. All information used for this determination is drawn from the drug MIS reports required by this subpart. In order to ensure reliability of the data, the Administrator considers the quality and completeness of the reported data, may obtain additional information or reports from operators, and may make appropriate modifications in calculating the industry positive rate. Each year, the Administrator will publish in the (3) When the minimum annual percentage rate for random drug testing is 50 percent, the Administrator may lower this rate to 25 percent of all covered employees if the Administrator determines that the data received under the reporting requirements of §199.119 for two consecutive calendar years indicate that the reported positive rate is less than 1.0 percent. (4) When the minimum annual percentage rate for random drug testing is 25 percent, and the data received under the reporting requirements of §199.119 for any calendar year indicate that the reported positive rate is equal to or greater than 1.0 percent, the Administrator will increase the minimum annual percentage rate for random drug testing to 50 percent of all covered employees. (5) The selection of employees for random drug testing shall be made by a scientifically valid method, such as a random number table or a computer-based random number generator that is matched with employees' Social Security numbers, payroll identification numbers, or other comparable identifying numbers. Under the selection process used, each covered employee shall have an equal chance of being tested each time selections are made. (6) The operator shall randomly select a sufficient number of covered employees for testing during each calendar year to equal an annual rate not less than the minimum annual percentage rate for random drug testing determined by the Administrator. If the operator conducts random drug testing through a consortium, the number of employees to be tested may be calculated for each individual operator or may be based on the total number of covered employees covered by the consortium who are subject to random drug testing at the same minimum annual percentage rate under this subpart or any DOT drug testing rule. (7) Each operator shall ensure that random drug tests conducted under this subpart are unannounced and that the dates for administering random tests are spread reasonably throughout the calendar year. (8) If a given covered employee is subject to random drug testing under the drug testing rules of more than one DOT agency for the same operator, the employee shall be subject to random drug testing at the percentage rate established for the calendar year by the DOT agency regulating more than 50 percent of the employee's function. (9) If an operator is required to conduct random drug testing under the drug testing rules of more than one DOT agency, the operator may— (i) Establish separate pools for random selection, with each pool containing the covered employees who are subject to testing at the same required rate; or (ii) Randomly select such employees for testing at the highest percentage rate established for the calendar year by any DOT agency to which the operator is subject. (d) Testing based on reasonable cause. Each operator shall drug test each employee when there is reasonable cause to believe the employee is using a prohibited drug. The decision to test must be based on a reasonable and articulable belief that the employee is using a prohibited drug on the basis of specific, contemporaneous physical, behavioral, or performance indicators of probable drug use. At least two of the employee's supervisors, one of whom is trained in detection of the possible symptoms of drug use, shall substantiate and concur in the decision to test an employee. The concurrence between the two supervisors may be by telephone. However, in the case of operators with 50 or fewer employees subject to testing under this part, only one supervisor of the employee trained in detecting possible drug use symptoms shall substantiate the decision to test. (e) Return-to-duty testing. A covered employee who refuses to take or has a positive drug test may not return to duty in the covered function until the covered employee has complied with applicable provisions of DOT Procedures concerning substance abuse professionals and the return-to-duty process. (f) Follow-up testing. A covered employee who refuses to take or has a positive drug test shall be subject to unannounced follow-up drug tests administered by the operator following the covered employee's return to duty. The number and frequency of such follow-up testing shall be determined by a substance abuse professional, but shall consist of at least six tests in the first 12 months following the covered employee's return to duty. In addition, follow-up testing may include testing for alcohol as directed by the substance abuse professional, to be performed in accordance with 49 CFR part 40. Follow-up testing shall not exceed 60 months from the date of the covered employee's return to duty. The substance abuse professional may terminate the requirement for follow-up testing at any time after the first six tests have been administered, if the substance abuse professional determines that such testing is no longer necessary. [53 FR 47096, Nov. 21, 1988, as amended by Amdt. 199–2, 54 FR 51850, Dec. 18, 1989; 59 FR 62227, Dec. 2, 1994; Amdt. 199–15, 63 FR 13000, Mar. 17, 1998; Amdt 199–15, 63 FR 36863, July 8, 1998. Redesignated and amended by Amdt. 199–19, 66 FR 47118, Sept. 11, 2001] (a) Each operator shall use for the drug testing required by this part only drug testing laboratories certified by the Department of Health and Human Services under the DOT Procedures. (b) The drug testing laboratory must permit— (1) Inspections by the operator before the laboratory is awarded a testing contract; and (2) Unannounced inspections, including examination of records, at any time, by the operator, the Administrator, and if the operator is subject to state agency jurisdiction, a representative of that state agency. [53 FR 47096, Nov. 21, 1988. Redesignated by Amdt. 199–19, 66 FR 47118, Sept. 11, 2001] (a) MRO appointment. Each operator shall designate or appoint a medical review officer (MRO). If an operator does not have a qualified individual on staff to serve as MRO, the operator may contract for the provision of MRO services as part of its anti-drug program. (b) MRO qualifications. Each MRO must be a licensed physician who has the qualifications required by DOT Procedures. (c) MRO duties. The MRO must perform functions for the operator as required by DOT Procedures. (d) MRO reports. The MRO must report all drug test results to the operator in accordance with DOT Procedures. (e) Evaluation and rehabilitation may be provided by the operator, by a substance abuse professional under contract with the operator, or by a substance abuse professional not affiliated with the operator. The choice of substance abuse professional and assignment of costs shall be made in accordance with the operator/employee agreements and operator/employee policies. (f) The operator shall ensure that a substance abuse professional, who determines that a covered employee requires assistance in resolving problems with drug abuse, does not refer the covered employee to the substance abuse professional's private practice or to a person or organization from which the substance abuse professional receives remuneration or in which the substance abuse professional has a financial interest. This paragraph does not prohibit a substance abuse professional from referring a covered employee for assistance provided through: (1) A public agency, such as a State, county, or municipality; (2) The operator or a person under contract to provide treatment for drug problems on behalf of the operator; (3) The sole source of therapeutically appropriate treatment under the employee's health insurance program; or (4) The sole source of therapeutically appropriate treatment reasonably accessible to the employee. [53 FR 47096, Nov. 21, 1988, as amended by Amdt. 199–2, 54 FR 51850, Dec. 18, 1989; Amdt. 199–15, 63 FR 13000, Mar. 17, 1998; Amdt. 199–15, 63 FR 36863, July 8, 1998. Redesignated and amended by Amdt. 199–19, 66 FR 47118, Sept. 11, 2001] (a) Samples that yield positive results on confirmation must be retained by the laboratory in properly secured, long-term, frozen storage for at least 365 days as required by the DOT Procedures. Within this 365-day period, the employee or the employee's representative, the operator, the Administrator, or, if the operator is subject to the jurisdiction of a state agency, the state agency may request that the laboratory retain the sample for an additional period. If, within the 365-day period, the laboratory has not received a proper written request to retain the sample for a further reasonable period specified in the request, the sample may be discarded following the end of the 365-day period. (b) If the medical review officer (MRO) determines there is no legitimate medical explanation for a confirmed positive test result other than the unauthorized use of a prohibited drug, and if timely additional testing is requested by the employee according to DOT Procedures, the split specimen must be tested. The employee may specify testing by the original laboratory or by a second laboratory that is certified by the Department of Health and Human Services. The operator may require the employee to pay in advance the cost of shipment (if any) and reanalysis of the sample, but the employee must be reimbursed for such expense if the additional test is negative. (c) If the employee specifies testing by a second laboratory, the original laboratory must follow approved chain-of-custody procedures in transferring a portion of the sample. (d) Since some analytes may deteriorate during storage, detected levels of the drug below the detection limits established in the DOT Procedures, but equal to or greater than the established sensitivity of the assay, must, as technically appropriate, be reported and considered corroborative of the original positive results. [53 FR 47096, Nov. 21, 1988; 55 FR 797, Jan. 9, 1990, as amended by Amdt. 199–17, 63 FR 7723, Feb. 17, 1998. Redesignated and amended by Amdt. 199–19, 66 FR 47118, Sept. 11, 2001] (a) Each operator shall provide an employee assistance program (EAP) for its employees and supervisory personnel who will determine whether an employee must be drug tested based on reasonable cause. The operator may establish the EAP as a part of its internal personnel services or the operator may contract with an entity that provides EAP services. Each EAP must include education and training on drug use. At the discretion of the operator, the EAP may include an opportunity for employee rehabilitation. (b) Education under each EAP must include at least the following elements: display and distribution of informational material; display and distribution of a community service hot-line telephone number for employee assistance; and display and distribution of the employer's policy regarding the use of prohibited drugs. (c) Training under each EAP for supervisory personnel who will determine whether an employee must be drug tested based on reasonable cause must include one 60-minute period of training on the specific, contemporaneous physical, behavioral, and performance indicators of probable drug use. [53 FR 47096, Nov. 21, 1988. Redesignated by Amdt. 199–19, 66 FR 47118, Sept. 11, 2001] With respect to those employees who are contractors or employed by a contractor, an operator may provide by contract that the drug testing, education, and training required by this part be carried out by the contractor provided: (a) The operator remains responsible for ensuring that the requirements of this part are complied with; and (b) The contractor allows access to property and records by the operator, the Administrator, and if the operator is subject to the jurisdiction of a state agency, a representative of the state agency for the purpose of monitoring the operator's compliance with the requirements of this part. [53 FR 47096, Nov. 21, 1988. Redesignated by Amdt. 199–19, 66 FR 47118, Sept. 11, 2001] (a) Each operator shall keep the following records for the periods specified and permit access to the records as provided by paragraph (b) of this section: (1) Records that demonstrate the collection process conforms to this part must be kept for at least 3 years. (2) Records of employee drug test that indicate a verified positive result, records that demonstrate compliance with the recommendations of a substance abuse professional, and MIS annual report data shall be maintained for a minimum of five years. (3) Records of employee drug test results that show employees passed a drug test must be kept for at least 1 year. (4) Records confirming that supervisors and employees have been trained as required by this part must be kept for at least 3 years. (b) Information regarding an individual's drug testing results or rehabilitation must be released upon the written consent of the individual and as provided by DOT Procedures. Statistical data related to drug testing and rehabilitation that is not name-specific and training records must be made available to the Administrator or the representative of a state agency upon request. [53 FR 47096, Nov. 21, 1988, as amended at 58 FR 68260, Dec. 23, 1993. Redesignated and amended by Amdt. 199–19, 66 FR 47119, Sept. 11, 2001; 68 FR 75465, Dec. 31, 2003] (a) Each large operator (having more than 50 covered employees) shall submit an annual MIS report to PHMSA of its anti-drug testing using the Management Information System (MIS) form and instructions as required by 49 CFR part 40 (at §40.25 and appendix H to Part 40), not later than March 15 of each year for the prior calendar year (January 1 through December 31). The Administrator shall require by written notice that small operators (50 or fewer covered employees) not otherwise required to submit annual MIS reports to prepare and submit such reports to PHMSA. (b) Each report required under this section shall be submitted to the Office of Pipeline Safety, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Room 7128, 400 Seventh Street, SW, Washington, DC 20590. (c) To calculate the total number of covered employees eligible for random testing throughout the year, as an operator, you must add the total number of covered employees eligible for testing during each random testing period for the year and divide that total by the number of random testing periods. Covered employees, and only covered employees, are to be in an employer's random testing pool, and all covered employees must be in the random pool. If you are an employer conducting random testing more often than once per month (e.g., you select daily, weekly, bi-weekly), you do not need to compute this total number of covered employees rate more than on a once per month basis. (d) As an employer, you may use a service agent (e.g., C/TPA) to perform random selections for you; and your covered employees may be part of a larger random testing pool of covered employees. However, you must ensure that the service agent you use is testing at the appropriate percentage established for your industry and that only covered employees are in the random testing pool. (e) Each operator that has a covered employee who performs multi-DOT agency functions (e.g., an employee performs pipeline maintenance duties and drives a commercial motor vehicle), count the employee only on the MIS report for the DOT agency under which he or she is randomly tested. Normally, this will be the DOT agency under which the employee performs more than 50% of his or her duties. Operators may have to explain the testing data for these employees in the event of a DOT agency inspection or audit. (f) A service agent (e.g., Consortia/Third Party Administrator as defined in 49 CFR part 40) may prepare the MIS report on behalf of an operator. However, each report shall be certified by the operator's anti-drug manager or designated representative for accuracy and completeness. [68 FR 75465, Dec. 31, 2003, as amended by Amdt. 199–20, 69 FR 32898, June 14, 2004; 70 FR 11140, Mar. 8, 2005]
Title 49: Transportation
PART 199—DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING
Subpart B—Drug Testing
§ 199.100 Purpose.
§ 199.101 Anti-drug plan.
§ 199.103 Use of persons who fail or refuse a drug test.
§ 199.105 Drug tests required.
§ 199.107 Drug testing laboratory.
§ 199.109 Review of drug testing results.
§ 199.111 Retention of samples and additional testing.
§ 199.113 Employee assistance program.
§ 199.115 Contractor employees.
§ 199.117 Recordkeeping.
§ 199.119 Reporting of anti-drug testing results.
