[Laws in effect as of January 24, 2002]
[Document not affected by Public Laws enacted between
January 24, 2002 and December 19, 2002]
[CITE: 15USC714b]
TITLE 15--COMMERCE AND TRADE
CHAPTER 15--ECONOMIC RECOVERY
SUBCHAPTER II--COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORATION
Sec. 714b. General powers of Corporation
The Corporation--
(a) Shall have succession in its corporate name.
(b) May adopt, alter, and use a corporate seal, which shall be
judicially noticed.
(c) May sue and be sued, but no attachment, injunction, garnishment,
or other similar process, mesne or final, shall be issued against the
Corporation or its property. The district courts of the United States,
including the district courts of any Territory or possession, shall have
exclusive original jurisdiction, without regard to the amount in
controversy, of all suits brought by or against the Corporation:
Provided, That the Corporation may intervene in any court in any suit,
action, or proceeding in which it has an interest. Any suit against the
Corporation shall be brought in the District of Columbia, or in the
district wherein the plaintiff resides or is engaged in business. No
suit by or against the Corporation shall be allowed unless (1) it shall
have been brought within six years after the right accrued on which suit
is brought, or (2) in the event that the person bringing such suit shall
have been under legal disability or beyond the seas at the time the
right accrued, the suit shall have been brought within three years after
the disability shall have ceased or within six years after the right
accrued on which suit is brought, whichever period is longer. The
defendant in any suit by or against the Corporation may plead, by way of
set-off or counterclaim, any cause of action, whether arising out of the
same transaction or not, which would otherwise be barred by such
limitation if the claim upon which the defendant's cause of action is
based had not been barred prior to the date that the plaintiff's cause
of action arose: Provided, That the defendant shall not be awarded a
judgment on any such set-off or counterclaim for any amount in excess of
the amount of the plaintiff's claim established in the suit. All suits
against the Corporation shall be tried by the court without a jury.
Notwithstanding any other provision of this subchapter, the Federal Tort
Claims Act (Public Law 601, Seventy-ninth Congres \1\ [28 U.S.C. 1346(b)
and 2671 et seq.] shall be applicable to the Corporation. Any suit by or
against the United States as the real party in interest based upon any
claim by or against the Corporation shall be subject to the provisions
of subsection (c) of this section to the same extent as though such suit
were by or against the Corporation, except that (1) any such suit
against the United States based upon any claim of the type enumerated in
section 1491 of title 28, may be brought in the United States Court of
Federal Claims, and (2) no such suit against the United States may be
brought in a district court unless such suit might, without regard to
the provisions of this subchapter, be brought in such court.
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\1\ So in original. Should be ``Congress''.
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(d) May adopt, amend, and repeal bylaws, rules, and regulations
governing the manner in which its business may be conducted and the
powers vested in it may be exercised.
(e) Shall have all the rights, privileges, and immunities of the
United States with respect to the right to priority of payment with
respect to debts due from insolvent, deceased, or bankrupt debtors. The
Corporation may assert such rights, privileges, and immunities in any
suit, action, or proceeding.
(f) Shall be entitled to the use of the United States mails in the
same manner and upon the same conditions as the executive departments of
the Federal Government.
(g) May enter into and carry out such contracts or agreements as are
necessary in the conduct of its business, except that obligations under
all such contracts or agreements (other than reimbursable agreements
under section 714i of this title) for equipment or services relating to
automated data processing, information technologies, or related items
(including telecommunications equipment and computer hardware and
software) may not exceed $170,000,000 in fiscal year 1996 and not more
than $188,000,000 in the 6-fiscal year period beginning on October 1,
1996, unless additional amounts for such contracts and agreements are
provided in advance in appropriation Acts. State and local regulatory
laws or rules shall not be applicable with respect to contracts or
agreements of the Corporation or the parties thereto to the extent that
such contracts or agreements provide that such laws or rules shall not
be applicable, or to the extent that such laws or rules are inconsistent
with such contracts or agreements.
(h) May contract for the use, in accordance with the usual customs
of trade and commerce, of plants and facilities for the physical
handling, storage, processing, servicing, and transportation of the
agricultural commodities subject to its control. The Corporation shall
not have power to acquire real property or any interest therein except
that it may (a) rent or lease office space necessary for the conduct of
its business and (b) acquire real property or any interest therein for
the purpose of providing storage adequate to carry out effectively and
efficiently any of the Corporation's programs, or of securing or
discharging obligations owing to the Corporation, or of otherwise
protecting the financial interests of the Corporation: Provided, That
the authority contained in this subsection shall not be utilized by the
Corporation for the purpose of acquiring real property, or any interest
therein, in order to provide storage facilities for any commodity unless
the Corporation determines that existing privately owned storage
facilities for such commodity in the area concerned are not adequate:
Provided further, That no refrigerated cold storage facilities shall be
constructed or purchased except with funds specifically provided by
Congress for that purpose: And provided further, That any contract
entered into by the Corporation for the use of a storage facility shall
provide at least that (1) the rental rate charged for an extended term
in excess of one year shall be at an annual rate less than that which is
charged for a one-year contract, (2) any obligation of the Corporation
to pay for the use of any space in a facility shall be relieved to the
extent that the Corporation does not use the space and payment is made
by another person for the use of such space, and (3) if the Corporation
determines that it no longer needs the space reserved in the facility,
the Corporation may be relieved, for the remaining term of the contract,
of its obligations to an extent and in a manner that will provide
significant savings to the Corporation while permitting the owner of the
facility reasonable time to lease such space to another person: And
provided further, That nothing contained in this subsection shall limit
the duty of the Corporation, to the maximum extent practicable
consistent with the fulfillment of the Corporation's purposes and the
effective and efficient conduct of its business, to utilize the usual
and customary channels, facilities, and arrangements of trade and
commerce in the warehousing of commodities: And provided further, That
to encourage the storage of grain on farms, where it can be stored at
the lowest cost, the Corporation may make loans to grain growers needing
storage facilities when such growers shall apply to the Corporation for
financing the construction or purchase of suitable storage, and these
loans shall be deducted from the proceeds of price support loans or
purchase agreements made between the Corporation and the growers, except
that the Secretary shall make such loans in areas in which the Secretary
determines that there is a deficiency of such storage. To encourage the
alleviation of natural resource conservation problems that reduce the
productive capacity of the Nation's land and water resources or that
cause degradation of environmental quality, the Corporation may,
beginning December 22, 1981, make loans to any agricultural producer for
those natural resource conservation and environmental enhancement
measures that are recommended by the applicable county and State
committees established under section 590h(b) of title 16 and are
included in the producer's conservation plan approved by the local soil
and water conservation district; such loans shall be for a period not to
exceed ten years at a rate of interest based upon the rate of interest
charged the Corporation by the United States Treasury; the Corporation
may make loans to any one producer in any fiscal year in an amount not
to exceed $25,000; loans up to $10,000 in amount may be unsecured and
loans in excess of $10,000 shall be secured; and the total of such
unsecured and secured loans made in each fiscal year shall not exceed
$200,000,000: Provided, That the authority provided by this sentence to
make loans shall be effective only to the extent and in such amounts as
may be provided for in prior appropriation Acts. Notwithstanding any
other provision of law, the Commodity Credit Corporation shall, to the
maximum extent practicable, in consultation with the Secretary of State,
and upon terms and conditions prescribed or approved by the Secretary of
Agriculture, accept strategic and critical materials produced abroad in
exchange for agricultural commodities acquired by the Corporation.
Insofar as practicable, in effecting such exchange of goods, the
Secretary shall: (1) use normal commercial trade channels; (2) take
action to avoid displacing usual marketings of United States
agricultural commodities and the products thereof; (3) take reasonable
precautions to prevent the resale or transshipment to other countries,
or use for other than domestic use in the importing country, of
agricultural commodities used for such exchange; and (4) give priority
to commodities easily storable and those which serve as prime incentive
goods to stimulate production of critical and strategic materials. The
Corporation may solicit bids from, and utilize, private trading firms to
effect such exchange of goods. The determination of the quantities and
qualities of such materials which are desirable for stock piling and the
determination of which materials are strategic and critical shall be
made in the manner prescribed by section 3 of the Strategic and Critical
Materials Stock Piling Act [50 U.S.C. 98b]. Strategic and critical
materials acquired by Commodity Credit Corporation in exchange for
agricultural commodities shall, to the extent approved by the President,
be transferred to the stock pile provided for by the Strategic and
Critical Materials Stock Piling Act [50 U.S.C. 98 et seq.]; and in the
same fiscal year such materials are transferred to the stock pile the
Commodity Credit Corporation shall be reimbursed for the strategic and
critical materials so transferred to the stock pile from the funds made
available for the purpose of the Strategic and Critical Materials Stock
Piling Act, in an amount equal to the fair market value, as determined
by the Secretary of the Treasury, of the material transferred to the
stock pile. If the volume of petroleum products (including crude oil)
stored in the Strategic Petroleum Reserve is less than the level
prescribed under section 6234 of title 42, the Corporation shall, to the
maximum extent practicable and with the approval of the Secretary of
Agriculture, make available annually to the Secretary of Energy, upon
the request of the Secretary of Energy, a quantity of agricultural
products owned by the Corporation with a market value at the time of
such request of at least $300,000,000 for use by the Secretary of Energy
in acquiring petroleum products (including crude oil) produced abroad
for placement in the Strategic Petroleum Reserve through an exchange of
such agricultural products. The terms and conditions of each such
exchange, including provisions for full reimbursement to the Commodity
Credit Corporation, shall be determined by the Secretary of Energy and
the Secretary of Agriculture. Nothing contained herein shall limit the
authority of the Commodity Credit Corporation to acquire, hold, or
dispose of such quantity of strategic and critical materials as it deems
advisable in carrying out its functions and protecting its assets:
Provided, That, notwithstanding any other provision of law, where a
grain storage facility owned by the Corporation is not needed by the
Corporation and, upon being offered for sale no person offers to pay the
minimum price set by the Corporation for such facility for use in
connection with storage or handling of agricultural commodities, then
the Corporation may, without declaring such facility to be excess
property, sell it by bids at not less than such minimum price to any
public or private nonprofit agency or organization for use for the
purposes of such agency or organization. This provision shall apply also
to facilities which on the effective date of this Act have been declared
excess to the needs of the Commodity Credit Corporation but have not
been claimed by any other Government agency, or surplus to the needs of
the Government but not disposed of pursuant to the provisions of the
Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949, as amended.\2\
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\2\ See References in Text note below.
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(i) May borrow money subject to any provision of law applicable to
the Corporation: Provided, That the total of all money borrowed by the
Corporation, other than trust deposits and advances received on sales,
shall not at any time exceed in the aggregate $30,000,000,000. The
Corporation shall at all times reserve a sufficient amount of its
authorized borrowing power which, together with other funds available to
the Corporation, will enable it to purchase, in accordance with its
contracts with lending agencies, notes, or other obligations evidencing
loans made by such agencies under the Corporation's programs.
(j) Shall determine the character of and the necessity for its
obligations and expenditures and the manner in which they shall be
incurred, allowed, and paid.
(k) Shall have authority to make final and conclusive settlement and
adjustment of any claims by or against the Corporation or the accounts
of its fiscal officers.
(l) May make such loans and advances of its funds as are necessary
in the conduct of its business.
(m) Shall have such powers as may be necessary or appropriate for
the exercise of the powers specifically vested in the Corporation, and
all such incidental powers as are customary in corporations generally;
but any research financed by the Corporation shall relate to the
conservation or disposal of commodities owned or controlled by the
Corporation and shall be conducted in collaboration with research
agencies of the Department of Agriculture. Notwithstanding any other
provision of this subchapter, the Corporation may, in the exercise of
its power to remove and dispose of surplus agricultural commodities,
export, or cause to be exported, not to exceed such amounts of
commodities owned by the Corporation as will enable the Corporation to
finance research and development of external combustion engines using
fuel other than that derived from petroleum and petroleum products. The
total value of commodities exported annually for the purposes of the
research authorized by the preceding sentence may not exceed
$30,000,000.
(June 29, 1948, ch. 704, Sec. 4, 62 Stat. 1070; June 7, 1949, ch. 175,
Secs. 2, 5, 63 Stat. 154, 156; Aug. 10, 1949, ch. 412, Sec. 12(a), 63
Stat. 591; June 28, 1950, ch. 381, Sec. 2, 64 Stat. 261; Mar. 20, 1954,
ch. 102, Sec. 2, 68 Stat. 30; Aug. 31, 1954, ch. 1172, Sec. 2, 68 Stat.
1047; Aug. 11, 1955, ch. 782, Sec. 2, 69 Stat. 634; Aug. 1, 1956, ch.
815, Sec. 1(a), 70 Stat. 783; Pub. L. 89-758, Nov. 5, 1966, 80 Stat.
1307; Pub. L. 95-113, title XI, Sec. 1104, Sept. 29, 1977, 91 Stat. 954;
Pub. L. 95-279, title III, Sec. 301(a), May 15, 1978, 92 Stat. 242; Pub.
L. 96-41, Sec. 3(b), July 30, 1979, 93 Stat. 325; Pub. L. 96-234,
Sec. 3, Apr. 11, 1980, 94 Stat. 333; Pub. L. 97-35, title I, Sec. 151,
Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 370; Pub. L. 97-98, title XV, Sec. 1520(a),
title XVI, Sec. 1606, Dec. 22, 1981, 95 Stat. 1335, 1347; Pub. L. 97-
164, title I, Sec. 161(1), Apr. 2, 1982, 96 Stat. 49; Pub. L. 99-198,
title XI, Sec. 1167(b), title XVII, Sec. 1761, Dec. 23, 1985, 99 Stat.
1503, 1651; Pub. L. 99-260, Sec. 11, Mar. 20, 1986, 100 Stat. 52; Pub.
L. 100-202, Sec. 101(k) [title I, Sec. 101], Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat.
1329-322, 1329-336; Pub. L. 102-572, title IX, Sec. 902(b)(1), Oct. 29,
1992, 106 Stat. 4516; Pub. L. 104-127, title I, Sec. 161(b)(1), Apr. 4,
1996, 110 Stat. 934; Pub. L. 105-185, title V, Sec. 521(a), June 23,
1998, 112 Stat. 580; Pub. L. 105-277, div. A, Sec. 101(a) [title VII,
Sec. 756], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681, 2681-34.)
References in Text
The Federal Tort Claims Act, referred to in subsec. (c), means act
Aug. 2, 1946, ch. 753, title IV, Secs. 401-404, 410-413, 420-423, 60
Stat. 842, which was repealed by act June 25, 1948, ch. 646, Sec. 39, 62
Stat. 992, eff. Sept. 1, 1948, and is now covered by sections 1346(b)
and 2671 et seq. of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.
The Strategic and Critical Materials Stock Piling Act, referred to
in subsec. (h), is act June 7, 1939, ch. 190, as revised generally by
Pub. L. 96-41, Sec. 2, July 30, 1979, 93 Stat. 319, which is classified
generally to subchapter III (Sec. 98 et seq.) of chapter 5 of Title 50,
War and National Defense. For complete classification of this Act to the
Code, see section 98 of Title 50 and Tables.
The effective date of this Act, referred to in subsec. (h), probably
refers to the effective date of Pub. L. 89-758, which was approved on
Nov. 5, 1966.
The Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949, as
amended, referred to in subsec. (h), is act June 30, 1949, ch. 288, 63
Stat. 377, as amended. Except for title III of the Act, which is
classified generally to subchapter IV (Sec. 251 et seq.) of chapter 4 of
Title 41, Public Contracts, the Act was repealed and reenacted by Pub.
L. 107-217, Secs. 1, 6(b), Aug. 21, 2002, 116 Stat. 1062, 1304, as
chapters 1 to 11 of Title 40, Public Buildings, Property, and Works.
Codification
The words ``of the District of Columbia and'' in the phrase of
subsec. (c) reading ``including the district courts of the District of
Columbia and of any Territory or possession'' have been deleted as
superfluous in view of section 132(a) of Title 28, Judiciary and
Judicial Procedure, which states that ``There shall be in each judicial
district a district court which shall be a court of record known as the
United States District Court for the district'' and section 88 of Title
28 which states that ``The District of Columbia constitutes one judicial
district''.
Amendment by Pub. L. 95-113, which directed the Corporation to make
secured storage facility loans of not to exceed $50,000, later increased
to $100,000, to growers of dry or high moisture grain, soybeans, rice,
and high moisture forage and silage during the period Oct. 1, 1977, to
Sept. 30, 1981, was omitted from the Code as terminated. See Effective
and Termination Dates of 1977 Amendment note set out below.
Amendments
1998--Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 105-277 substituted ``$188,000,000'' for
``$193,000,000''.
Pub. L. 105-185 substituted ``$193,000,000'' for ``$275,000,000''.
1996--Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 104-127, Sec. 161(b)(1)(A), inserted
before period at end of first sentence ``, except that obligations under
all such contracts or agreements (other than reimbursable agreements
under section 714i of this title) for equipment or services relating to
automated data processing, information technologies, or related items
(including telecommunications equipment and computer hardware and
software) may not exceed $170,000,000 in fiscal year 1996 and not more
than $275,000,000 in the 6-fiscal year period beginning on October 1,
1996, unless additional amounts for such contracts and agreements are
provided in advance in appropriation Acts''.
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 104-127, Sec. 161(b)(1)(B), in second sentence,
struck out ``shall have power to acquire personal property necessary to
the conduct of its business but'' after ``The Corporation''.
1992--Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 102-572 substituted ``United States Court
of Federal Claims'' for ``United States Claims Court''.
1987--Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 100-202 substituted ``$30,000,000,000''
for ``$25,000,000,000''.
1986--Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 99-260 inserted provision authorizing the
Corporation to dispose of or export surplus agricultural commodities in
amounts that will enable the Corporation to finance research and
development of external combustion engines using fuel other than that
derived from petroleum and petroleum products and limiting the total
value of the commodities exported annually to a maximum of $30,000,000.
1985--Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 99-198, Sec. 1761, inserted an additional
proviso reading as follows: ``That any contract entered into by the
Corporation for the use of a storage facility shall provide at least
that (1) the rental rate charged for an extended term in excess of one
year shall be at an annual rate less than that which is charged for a
one-year contract, (2) any obligation of the Corporation to pay for the
use of any space in a facility shall be relieved to the extent that the
Corporation does not use the space and payment is made by another person
for the use of such space, and (3) if the Corporation determines that it
no longer needs the space reserved in the facility, the Corporation may
be relieved, for the remaining term of the contract, of its obligations
to an extent and in a manner that will provide significant savings to
the Corporation while permitting the owner of the facility reasonable
time to lease such space to another person:''.
Pub. L. 99-198, Sec. 1167(b), in sentence beginning
``Notwithstanding any other provision of law'' substituted ``Commodity
Credit Corporation shall, to the maximum extent practicable, in
consultation with the Secretary of State, and upon terms and conditions
prescribed or approved by the Secretary of Agriculture, accept strategic
and critical materials'' for ``Commodity Credit Corporation is
authorized, upon terms and conditions prescribed or approved by the
Secretary of Agriculture, to accept strategic and critical materials'';
in sentence beginning ``Insofar as practicable'' substituted ``the
Secretary shall: (1) use normal commercial trade channels; (2) take
action to avoid displacing usual marketings of United States
agricultural commodities and the products thereof; (3) take reasonable
precautions to prevent the resale or transshipment to other countries,
or use for other than domestic use in the importing country, of
agricultural commodities used for such exchange; and (4) give priority''
for ``normal commercial trade channels shall be utilized and priority
shall be given''; inserted sentence reading ``The Corporation may
solicit bids from, and utilize, private trading firms to effect such
exchange of goods.''; in sentence beginning ``Strategic and critical
materials'' substituted ``in the same fiscal year such materials are
transferred'' for ``when transferred''; and inserted sentence beginning
``If the volume of petroleum products'' and sentence beginning ``the
terms and conditions'' relating to acquisition of petroleum products for
placement in the Strategic Petroleum Reserve and terms and conditions of
each exchange.
1982--Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 97-164 substituted ``Claims Court'' for
``Court of Claims''.
1981--Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 97-98 inserted ``, except that the
Secretary shall make such loans in areas in which the Secretary
determines that there is a deficiency of such storage'', and inserted
provision authorizing the Secretary to make loans to grain growers
needing storage facilities for the storage of grain on farms in areas
where the Secretary determines that there is a deficiency of such
storage and also inserted provision that, to encourage the alleviation
of natural resource conservation problems that reduce the productive
capacity of the Nation's land and water resources or that cause
degradation of environmental quality, the Corporation may, beginning
December 22, 1981, make loans to any agricultural producer for those
natural resource conservation and environmental enhancement measures
that are recommended by the applicable county and State committees
established under section 590h(b) of title 16 and are included in the
producer's conservation plan approved by the local soil and water
conservation district, that such loans shall be for a period not to
exceed ten years at a rate of interest based upon the rate of interest
charged the Corporation by the United States Treasury, that the
Corporation may make loans to any one producer in any fiscal year in an
amount not to exceed $25,000, that loans up to $10,000 in amount may be
unsecured and loans in excess of $10,000 shall be secured, that the
total of such unsecured and secured loans made in each fiscal year shall
not exceed $200,000,000, and that the authority to make such loans be
effective only to the extent and in such amounts as may be provided for
in prior appropriation Acts.
Pub. L. 97-35 substituted ``the Corporation may make loans'' for
``the Corporation shall make loans'' in fourth proviso.
1980--Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 96-234 substituted ``$100,000'' for
``$50,000'' in two places, and struck out provisions respecting the size
of the facility for purposes of obtaining loans.
1979--Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 96-41 substituted ``section 3 of the
Strategic and Critical Materials Stock Piling Act'' for ``section 2 of
the Strategic and Critical Materials Stock Piling Act (60 Stat. 596)''
and ``the President'' for ``the Munitions Board of the Department of
Defense''.
1978--Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 95-279 substituted ``$25,000,000,000''
for ``$14,500,000,000''.
1977--Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 95-113 inserted proviso directing the
Corporation to make secured storage facility loans of not to exceed
$50,000 to growers of dry or high moisture grain, soybeans, rice, and
high moisture forage and silage during the period Oct. 1, 1977, to Sept.
30, 1981. See Codification note set out above.
1966--Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 89-758 inserted provisions allowing for
the sale of grain storage facilities by bids when no person offers to
pay the minimum price set by the Commodity Credit Corporation at not
less than the minimum price to any public or private nonprofit agency.
1956--Subsec. (i). Act Aug. 1, 1956, substituted ``$14,500,000,000''
for ``$12,000,000,000''.
1955--Subsec. (i). Act Aug. 11, 1955, substituted
``$12,000,000,000'' for ``$10,000,000,000''.
1954--Subsec. (i). Act Aug. 31, 1954, substituted
``$10,000,000,000'' for ``$8,500,000,000''.
Subsec. (i). Act Mar. 20, 1954, substituted ``$8,500,000,000'' for
``$6,750,000,000''.
1950--Subsec. (i). Act June 28, 1950, substituted ``$6,750,000,000''
for ``$4,750,000,000''.
1949--Subsec. (c). Act June 7, 1949, Sec. 5, conferred jurisdiction
on the district courts ``without regard to the amount in controversy'',
enabled the Corporation and persons having claims against the
Corporation to plead set-offs and counterclaims which are barred by the
statute of limitations, if, at the time the plaintiff's cause of action
arose, the defendant's cause of action on which the set-off or
counterclaim is based was not barred by the statute of limitations, and
provided that certain claims against the United States could be brought
in the United States Court of Claims.
Subsec. (h). Act June 7, 1949, Sec. 2, enabled the Corporation to
acquire items of personal and real property to be used in connection
with the care, preservation, storage, and handling of agricultural
commodities controlled by it, and enabled the Corporation to take liens
on real property as security for obligations owing to it and to bid in
on any execution or foreclosure sale to protect its financial interests
in the matter.
Change of Name
National Military Establishment changed to Department of Defense by
act Aug. 10, 1949.
Effective Date of 1998 Amendment
Pub. L. 105-185, title V, Sec. 521(b), June 23, 1998, 112 Stat. 580,
provided that: ``The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this
section] takes effect on October 1, 1997.''
Effective Date of 1992 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 102-572 effective Oct. 29, 1992, see section
911 of Pub. L. 102-572, set out as a note under section 171 of Title 28,
Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.
Effective Date of 1982 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 97-164 effective Oct.
