§ 1031. — Major fraud against the United States.
[Laws in effect as of January 24, 2002]
[Document not affected by Public Laws enacted between
January 24, 2002 and December 19, 2002]
[CITE: 18USC1031]
TITLE 18--CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
PART I--CRIMES
CHAPTER 47--FRAUD AND FALSE STATEMENTS
Sec. 1031. Major fraud against the United States
(a) Whoever knowingly executes, or attempts to execute, any scheme
or artifice with the intent--
(1) to defraud the United States; or
(2) to obtain money or property by means of false or fraudulent
pretenses, representations, or promises,
in any procurement of property or services as a prime contractor with
the United States or as a subcontractor or supplier on a contract in
which there is a prime contract with the United States, if the value of
the contract, subcontract, or any constituent part thereof, for such
property or services is $1,000,000 or more shall, subject to the
applicability of subsection (c) of this section, be fined not more than
$1,000,000, or imprisoned not more than 10 years, or both.
(b) The fine imposed for an offense under this section may exceed
the maximum otherwise provided by law, if such fine does not exceed
$5,000,000 and--
(1) the gross loss to the Government or the gross gain to a
defendant is $500,000 or greater; or
(2) the offense involves a conscious or reckless risk of serious
personal injury.
(c) The maximum fine imposed upon a defendant for a prosecution
including a prosecution with multiple counts under this section shall
not exceed $10,000,000.
(d) Nothing in this section shall preclude a court from imposing any
other sentences available under this title, including without limitation
a fine up to twice the amount of the gross loss or gross gain involved
in the offense pursuant to 18 U.S.C. section 3571(d).
(e) In determining the amount of the fine, the court shall consider
the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. sections 3553 and 3572, and the
factors set forth in the guidelines and policy statements of the United
States Sentencing Commission, including--
(1) the need to reflect the seriousness of the offense,
including the harm or loss to the victim and the gain to the
defendant;
(2) whether the defendant previously has been fined for a
similar offense; and
(3) any other pertinent equitable considerations.
(f) A prosecution of an offense under this section may be commenced
any time not later than 7 years after the offense is committed, plus any
additional time otherwise allowed by law.
(g)(1) In special circumstances and in his or her sole discretion,
the Attorney General is authorized to make payments from funds
appropriated to the Department of Justice to persons who furnish
information relating to a possible prosecution under this section. The
amount of such payment shall not exceed $250,000. Upon application by
the Attorney General, the court may order that the Department shall be
reimbursed for a payment from a criminal fine imposed under this
section.
(2) An individual is not eligible for such a payment if--
(A) that individual is an officer or employee of a Government
agency who furnishes information or renders service in the
performance of official duties;
(B) that individual failed to furnish the information to the
individual's employer prior to furnishing it to law enforcement
authorities, unless the court determines the individual has
justifiable reasons for that failure;
(C) the furnished information is based upon public disclosure of
allegations or transactions in a criminal, civil, or administrative
hearing, in a congressional, administrative, or GAO report, hearing,
audit or investigation, or from the news media unless the person is
the original source of the information. For the purposes of this
subsection, ``original source'' means an individual who has direct
and independent knowledge of the information on which the
allegations are based and has voluntarily provided the information
to the Government; or
(D) that individual participated in the violation of this
section with respect to which such payment would be made.
(3) The failure of the Attorney General to authorize a payment shall
not be subject to judicial review.
(h) Any individual who--
(1) is discharged, demoted, suspended, threatened, harassed, or
in any other manner discriminated against in the terms and
conditions of employment by an employer because of lawful acts done
by the employee on behalf of the employee or others in furtherance
of a prosecution under this section (including investigation for,
initiation of, testimony for, or assistance in such prosecution),
and
(2) was not a participant in the unlawful activity that is the
subject of said prosecution, may, in a civil action, obtain all
relief necessary to make such individual whole. Such relief shall
include reinstatement with the same seniority status such individual
would have had but for the discrimination, 2 times the amount of
back pay, interest on the back pay, and compensation for any special
damages sustained as a result of the discrimination, including
litigation costs and reasonable attorney's fees.
(Added Pub. L. 100-700, Sec. 2(a), Nov. 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 4631;
amended Pub. L. 101-123, Sec. 2(a), Oct. 23, 1989, 103 Stat. 759; Pub.
L. 103-322, title XXXIII, Sec. 330002(a), (f), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat.
2140.)
Amendments
1994--Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 103-322, Sec. 330002(f), redesignated
second subsec. (g) as (h).
Subsec. (g)(2)(A). Pub. L. 103-322, Sec. 330002(a), substituted ``a
Government'' for ``a government''.
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 103-322, Sec. 330002(f), redesignated second
subsec. (g) as (h).
1989--Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 101-123 added, after subsec. (f), subsec.
(g) relating to payments by the Attorney General.
Effective Date of 1989 Amendment
Section 2(b) of Pub. L. 101-123 provided that: ``The amendment made
by this section [amending this section] shall apply to contracts entered
into on or after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 23,
1989].''
Sentencing Guidelines
Section 2(b) of Pub. L. 100-700 provided that: ``Pursuant to its
authority under section 994(p) of title 28, United States Code and
section 21 of the Sentencing Act of 1987 [section 21 of Pub. L. 100-182,
set out as a note under section 994 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial
Procedure], the United States Sentencing Commission shall promulgate
guidelines, or shall amend existing guidelines, to provide for
appropriate penalty enhancements, where conscious or reckless risk of
serious personal injury resulting from the fraud has occurred. The
Commission shall consider the appropriateness of assigning to such a
defendant an offense level under Chapter Two of the sentencing
guidelines that is at least two levels greater than the level that would
have been assigned had conscious or reckless risk of serious personal
injury not resulted from the fraud.''
Section Referred to in Other Sections
This section is referred to in sections 981, 982 of this title.
