§ 1073. — Flight to avoid prosecution or giving testimony.
[Laws in effect as of January 24, 2002]
[Document not affected by Public Laws enacted between
January 24, 2002 and December 19, 2002]
[CITE: 18USC1073]
TITLE 18--CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
PART I--CRIMES
CHAPTER 49--FUGITIVES FROM JUSTICE
Sec. 1073. Flight to avoid prosecution or giving testimony
Whoever moves or travels in interstate or foreign commerce with
intent either (1) to avoid prosecution, or custody or confinement after
conviction, under the laws of the place from which he flees, for a
crime, or an attempt to commit a crime, punishable by death or which is
a felony under the laws of the place from which the fugitive flees, or
(2) to avoid giving testimony in any criminal proceedings in such place
in which the commission of an offense punishable by death or which is a
felony under the laws of such place, is charged, or (3) to avoid service
of, or contempt proceedings for alleged disobedience of, lawful process
requiring attendance and the giving of testimony or the production of
documentary evidence before an agency of a State empowered by the law of
such State to conduct investigations of alleged criminal activities,
shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than five years,
or both. For the purposes of clause (3) of this paragraph, the term
``State'' includes a State of the United States, the District of
Columbia, and any commonwealth, territory, or possession of the United
States.
Violations of this section may be prosecuted only in the Federal
judicial district in which the original crime was alleged to have been
committed, or in which the person was held in custody or confinement, or
in which an avoidance of service of process or a contempt referred to in
clause (3) of the first paragraph of this section is alleged to have
been committed, and only upon formal approval in writing by the Attorney
General, the Deputy Attorney General, the Associate Attorney General, or
an Assistant Attorney General of the United States, which function of
approving prosecutions may not be delegated.
(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 755; Apr. 6, 1956, ch. 177, Sec. 1, 70
Stat. 100; Pub. L. 87-368, Oct. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 795; Pub. L. 91-452,
title III, Sec. 302, Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 932; Pub. L. 100-690, title
VII, Sec. 7020(b), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4396; Pub. L. 103-322, title
XXXIII, Secs. 330004(19), 330016(1)(K), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2142,
2147; Pub. L. 104-294, title VI, Sec. 607(e), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat.
3511.)
Historical and Revision Notes
Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Sec. 408e (May 18, 1934, ch.
302, 48 Stat. 782; Aug. 2, 1946, ch. 735, 60 Stat. 789).
Said section 408e was rewritten and the phrase ``offenses as they
are defined either at common law or by the laws of the place from which
the fugitive flees'' were inserted to remove the ambiguity discussed in
the opinion of the Circuit Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, in
Brandenburg v. U.S., decided September 6, 1944, not yet reported [144
F2d 656], reversing the conviction of the appellant. The court held that
Congress intended the enumerated offenses to mean those as defined at
common law. The effect of the rewritten section is to make the statute
applicable whether the offense committed is one defined at common law or
by the law of the state from which the fugitive flees.
The words ``offense punishable by imprisonment in a penitentiary''
were substituted for ``felony'' to make the statute uniformly applicable
and to include crimes of the grade of felony even where, as in New
Jersey, they are denominated as misdemeanor, high misdemeanor or
otherwise.
Words ``from any State, Territory, or possession of the United
States or the District of Columbia'' were omitted in view of definitive
section 10 of this title.
Words ``upon conviction thereof'' were deleted as surplusage since
punishment cannot be imposed until a conviction is secured.
Minor changes were made in phraseology.
Amendments
1996--Pub. L. 104-294 inserted at end of first par. ``For the
purposes of clause (3) of this paragraph, the term `State' includes a
State of the United States, the District of Columbia, and any
commonwealth, territory, or possession of the United States.''
1994--Pub. L. 103-322, Sec. 330016(1)(K), substituted ``fined under
this title'' for ``fined not more than $5,000''.
Pub. L. 103-322, Sec. 330004(19), struck out ``or which, in the case
of New Jersey, is a high misdemeanor under the laws of said State,''
before ``or (2) to avoid'' and ``or which in the case of New Jersey, is
a high misdemeanor under the laws of said State,'' before ``is charged,
or (3)''.
1988--Pub. L. 100-690 inserted ``, the Deputy Attorney General, the
Associate Attorney General,'' after ``the Attorney General''.
1970--Pub. L. 91-452 inserted cl. (3) and ``, or in which an
avoidance of service of process or a contempt referred to in clause (3)
of the first paragraph of this section is alleged to have been
committed,'' after ``in custody or confinement''.
1961--Pub. L. 87-368 substituted ``a crime, or an attempt to commit
a crime, punishable by death or which is a felony under the laws of the
place from which the fugitive flees, or which, in the case of New
Jersey, is a high misdemeanor under the laws of said State'' for
``murder, kidnaping, burglary, robbery, mayhem, rape, assault with a
dangerous weapon, arson punishable as a felony, or extortion accompanied
by threats of violence, or attempt to commit any of the foregoing
offenses as they are defined either at common law or by the laws of the
place from which the fugitive flees'', ``death or which is a felony
under the laws of such place, or which in the case of New Jersey, is a
high misdemeanor under the laws of said State,'' for ``imprisonment in a
penitentiary'', and required that prosecutions must be upon the formal
written approval of the Attorney General or an Assistant Attorney
General, which function may not be delegated.
1956--Act Apr. 6, 1956, inserted ``, arson punishable as a felony''
after ``assault with a dangerous weapon''.
Effective Date of 1956 Amendment
Section 2 of act Apr. 6, 1956, provided that: ``The amendment made
by the first section of this Act [amending this section] shall take
effect on the thirtieth day after the date of enactment of this Act
[April 6, 1956].''
Parental Kidnaping and Interstate or International Flight To Avoid
Prosecution Under Applicable State Felony Statutes
Pub. L. 96-611, Sec. 10, Dec. 28, 1980, 94 Stat. 3573, provided
that:
``(a) In view of the findings of the Congress and the purposes of
sections 6 to 10 of this Act set forth in section 302 [probably means
section 7 of Pub. L. 96-611, set out as a note under section 1738A of
Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure], the Congress hereby
expressly declares its intent that section 1073 of title 18, United
States Code, apply to cases involving parental kidnaping and interstate
or international flight to avoid prosecution under applicable State
felony statutes.
``(b) The Attorney General of the United States, not later than 120
days after the date of the enactment of this section [Dec. 28, 1980]
(and once every 6 months during the 3-year period following such 120-day
period), shall submit a report to the Congress with respect to steps
taken to comply with the intent of the Congress set forth in subsection
(a). Each such report shall include--
``(1) data relating to the number of applications for complaints
under section 1073 of title 18, United States Code in cases
involving parental kidnaping;
``(2) data relating to the number of complaints issued in such
cases; and
``(3) such other information as may assist in describing the
activities of the Department of Justice in conformance with such
intent.''
