§ 2411. — Actions by United States Trade Representative.
[Laws in effect as of January 24, 2002]
[Document not affected by Public Laws enacted between
January 24, 2002 and December 19, 2002]
[CITE: 19USC2411]
TITLE 19--CUSTOMS DUTIES
CHAPTER 12--TRADE ACT OF 1974
SUBCHAPTER III--ENFORCEMENT OF UNITED STATES RIGHTS UNDER TRADE
AGREEMENTS AND RESPONSE TO CERTAIN FOREIGN TRADE PRACTICES
Sec. 2411. Actions by United States Trade Representative
(a) Mandatory action
(1) If the United States Trade Representative determines under
section 2414(a)(1) of this title that--
(A) the rights of the United States under any trade agreement
are being denied; or
(B) an act, policy, or practice of a foreign country--
(i) violates, or is inconsistent with, the provisions of, or
otherwise denies benefits to the United States under, any trade
agreement, or
(ii) is unjustifiable and burdens or restricts United States
commerce;
the Trade Representative shall take action authorized in subsection (c)
of this section, subject to the specific direction, if any, of the
President regarding any such action, and shall take all other
appropriate and feasible action within the power of the President that
the President may direct the Trade Representative to take under this
subsection, to enforce such rights or to obtain the elimination of such
act, policy, or practice. Actions may be taken that are within the power
of the President with respect to trade in any goods or services, or with
respect to any other area of pertinent relations with the foreign
country.
(2) The Trade Representative is not required to take action under
paragraph (1) in any case in which--
(A) the Dispute Settlement Body (as defined in section 3531(5)
of this title) has adopted a report, or a ruling issued under the
formal dispute settlement proceeding provided under any other trade
agreement finds, that--
(i) the rights of the United States under a trade agreement
are not being denied, or
(ii) the act, policy, or practice--
(I) is not a violation of, or inconsistent with, the
rights of the United States, or
(II) does not deny, nullify, or impair benefits to the
United States under any trade agreement; or
(B) the Trade Representative finds that--
(i) the foreign country is taking satisfactory measures to
grant the rights of the United States under a trade agreement,
(ii) the foreign country has--
(I) agreed to eliminate or phase out the act, policy, or
practice, or
(II) agreed to an imminent solution to the burden or
restriction on United States commerce that is satisfactory
to the Trade Representative,
(iii) it is impossible for the foreign country to achieve
the results described in clause (i) or (ii), as appropriate, but
the foreign country agrees to provide to the United States
compensatory trade benefits that are satisfactory to the Trade
Representative,
(iv) in extraordinary cases, where the taking of action
under this subsection would have an adverse impact on the United
States economy substantially out of proportion to the benefits
of such action, taking into account the impact of not taking
such action on the credibility of the provisions of this
subchapter, or
(v) the taking of action under this subsection would cause
serious harm to the national security of the United States.
(3) Any action taken under paragraph (1) to eliminate an act,
policy, or practice shall be devised so as to affect goods or services
of the foreign country in an amount that is equivalent in value to the
burden or restriction being imposed by that country on United States
commerce.
(b) Discretionary action
If the Trade Representative determines under section 2414(a)(1) of
this title that--
(1) an act, policy, or practice of a foreign country is
unreasonable or discriminatory and burdens or restricts United
States commerce, and
(2) action by the United States is appropriate, the Trade
Representative shall take all appropriate and feasible action
authorized under subsection (c) of this section, subject to the
specific direction, if any, of the President regarding any such
action, and all other appropriate and feasible action within the
power of the President that the President may direct the Trade
Representative to take under this subsection, to obtain the
elimination of that act, policy, or practice. Actions may be taken
that are within the power of the President with respect to trade in
any goods or services, or with respect to any other area of
pertinent relations with the foreign country.
(c) Scope of authority
(1) For purposes of carrying out the provisions of subsection (a) or
(b) of this section, the Trade Representative is authorized to--
(A) suspend, withdraw, or prevent the application of, benefits
of trade agreement concessions to carry out a trade agreement with
the foreign country referred to in such subsection;
(B) impose duties or other import restrictions on the goods of,
and, notwithstanding any other provision of law, fees or
restrictions on the services of, such foreign country for such time
as the Trade Representative determines appropriate;
(C) in a case in which the act, policy, or practice also fails
to meet the eligibility criteria for receiving duty-free treatment
under subsections (b) and (c) of section 2462 of this title,
subsections (b) and (c) of section 2702 of this title, or
subsections (c) and (d) of section 3202 of this title, withdraw,
limit, or suspend such treatment under such provisions,
notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a)(3) of this section;
or
(D) enter into binding agreements with such foreign country that
commit such foreign country to--
(i) eliminate, or phase out, the act, policy, or practice
that is the subject of the action to be taken under subsection
(a) or (b) of this section,
(ii) eliminate any burden or restriction on United States
commerce resulting from such act, policy, or practice, or
(iii) provide the United States with compensatory trade
benefits that--
(I) are satisfactory to the Trade Representative, and
(II) meet the requirements of paragraph (4).
(2)(A) Notwithstanding any other provision of law governing any
service sector access authorization, and in addition to the authority
conferred in paragraph (1), the Trade Representative may, for purposes
of carrying out the provisions of subsection (a) or (b) of this
section--
(i) restrict, in the manner and to the extent the Trade
Representative determines appropriate, the terms and conditions of
any such authorization, or
(ii) deny the issuance of any such authorization.
(B) Actions described in subparagraph (A) may only be taken under
this section with respect to service sector access authorizations
granted, or applications therefor pending, on or after the date on
which--
(i) a petition is filed under section 2412(a) of this title, or
(ii) a determination to initiate an investigation is made by the
Trade Representative under section 2412(b) of this title.
(C) Before the Trade Representative takes any action under this
section involving the imposition of fees or other restrictions on the
services of a foreign country, the Trade Representative shall, if the
services involved are subject to regulation by any agency of the Federal
Government or of any State, consult, as appropriate, with the head of
the agency concerned.
(3) The actions the Trade Representative is authorized to take under
subsection (a) or (b) of this section may be taken against any goods or
economic sector--
(A) on a nondiscriminatory basis or solely against the foreign
country described in such subsection, and
(B) without regard to whether or not such goods or economic
sector were involved in the act, policy, or practice that is the
subject of such action.
(4) Any trade agreement described in paragraph (1)(D)(iii) shall
provide compensatory trade benefits that benefit the economic sector
which includes the domestic industry that would benefit from the
elimination of the act, policy, or practice that is the subject of the
action to be taken under subsection (a) or (b) of this section, or
benefit the economic sector as closely related as possible to such
economic sector, unless--
(A) the provision of such trade benefits is not feasible, or
(B) trade benefits that benefit any other economic sector would
be more satisfactory than such trade benefits.
(5) If the Trade Representative determines that actions to be taken
under subsection (a) or (b) of this section are to be in the form of
import restrictions, the Trade Representative shall--
(A) give preference to the imposition of duties over the
imposition of other import restrictions, and
(B) if an import restriction other than a duty is imposed,
consider substituting, on an incremental basis, an equivalent duty
for such other import restriction.
(6) Any action taken by the Trade Representative under this section
with respect to export targeting shall, to the extent possible, reflect
the full benefit level of the export targeting to the beneficiary over
the period during which the action taken has an effect.
(d) Definitions and special rules
For purposes of this subchapter--
(1) The term ``commerce'' includes, but is not limited to--
(A) services (including transfers of information) associated
with international trade, whether or not such services are
related to specific goods, and
(B) foreign direct investment by United States persons with
implications for trade in goods or services.
(2) An act, policy, or practice of a foreign country that
burdens or restricts United States commerce may include the
provision, directly or indirectly, by that foreign country of
subsidies for the construction of vessels used in the commercial
transportation by water of goods between foreign countries and the
United States.
(3)(A) An act, policy, or practice is unreasonable if the act,
policy, or practice, while not necessarily in violation of, or
inconsistent with, the international legal rights of the United
States, is otherwise unfair and inequitable.
(B) Acts, policies, and practices that are unreasonable include,
but are not limited to, any act, policy, or practice, or any
combination of acts, policies, or practices, which--
(i) denies fair and equitable--
(I) opportunities for the establishment of an
enterprise,
(II) provision of adequate and effective protection of
intellectual property rights notwithstanding the fact that
the foreign country may be in compliance with the specific
obligations of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of
Intellectual Property Rights referred to in section
3511(d)(15) of this title,
(III) nondiscriminatory market access opportunities for
United States persons that rely upon intellectual property
protection, or
(IV) market opportunities, including the toleration by a
foreign government of systematic anticompetitive activities
by enterprises or among enterprises in the foreign country
that have the effect of restricting, on a basis that is
inconsistent with commercial considerations, access of
United States goods or services to a foreign market,
(ii) constitutes export targeting, or
(iii) constitutes a persistent pattern of conduct that--
(I) denies workers the right of association,
(II) denies workers the right to organize and bargain
collectively,
(III) permits any form of forced or compulsory labor,
(IV) fails to provide a minimum age for the employment
of children, or
(V) fails to provide standards for minimum wages, hours
of work, and occupational safety and health of workers.
(C)(i) Acts, policies, and practices of a foreign country
described in subparagraph (B)(iii) shall not be treated as being
unreasonable if the Trade Representative determines that--
(I) the foreign country has taken, or is taking, actions
that demonstrate a significant and tangible overall advancement
in providing throughout the foreign country (including any
designated zone within the foreign country) the rights and other
standards described in the subclauses of subparagraph (B)(iii),
or
(II) such acts, policies, and practices are not inconsistent
with the level of economic development of the foreign country.
(ii) The Trade Representative shall publish in the Federal
Register any determination made under clause (i), together with a
description of the facts on which such determination is based.
(D) For purposes of determining whether any act, policy, or
practice is unreasonable, reciprocal opportunities in the United
States for foreign nationals and firms shall be taken into account,
to the extent appropriate.
(E) The term ``export targeting'' means any government plan or
scheme consisting of a combination of coordinated actions (whether
carried out severally or jointly) that are bestowed on a specific
enterprise, industry, or group thereof, the effect of which is to
assist the enterprise, industry, or group to become more competitive
in the export of a class or kind of merchandise.
(F)(i) For the purposes of subparagraph (B)(i)(II), adequate and
effective protection of intellectual property rights includes
adequate and effective means under the laws of the foreign country
for persons who are not citizens or nationals of such country to
secure, exercise, and enforce rights and enjoy commercial benefits
relating to patents, trademarks, copyrights and related rights, mask
works, trade secrets, and plant breeder's rights.
(ii) For purposes of subparagraph (B)(i)(IV), the denial of fair
and equitable nondiscriminatory market access opportunities includes
restrictions on market access related to the use, exploitation, or
enjoyment of commercial benefits derived from exercising
intellectual property rights in protected works or fixations or
products embodying protected works.
(4)(A) An act, policy, or practice is unjustifiable if the act,
policy, or practice is in violation of, or inconsistent with, the
international legal rights of the United States.
(B) Acts, policies, and practices that are unjustifiable
include, but are not limited to, any act, policy, or practice
described in subparagraph (A) which denies national or most-favored-
nation treatment or the right of establishment or protection of
intellectual property rights.
(5) Acts, policies, and practices that are discriminatory
include, when appropriate, any act, policy, and practice which
denies national or most-favored-nation treatment to United States
goods, services, or investment.
(6) The term ``service sector access authorization'' means any
license, permit, order, or other authorization, issued under the
authority of Federal law, that permits a foreign supplier of
services access to the United States market in a service sector
concerned.
(7) The term ``foreign country'' includes any foreign
instrumentality. Any possession or territory of a foreign country
that is administered separately for customs purposes shall be
treated as a separate foreign country.
(8) The term ``Trade Representative'' means the United States
Trade Representative.
(9) The term ``interested persons'', only for purposes of
sections 2412(a)(4)(B), 2414(b)(1)(A), 2416(c)(2), and 2417(a)(2) of
this title, includes, but is not limited to, domestic firms and
workers, representatives of consumer interests, United States
product exporters, and any industrial user of any goods or services
that may be affected by actions taken under subsection (a) or (b) of
this section.
(Pub. L. 93-618, title III, Sec. 301, as added Pub. L. 96-39, title IX,
Sec. 901, July 26, 1979, 93 Stat. 295; amended Pub. L. 98-573, title
III, Sec. 304(a)-(c), (f), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 3002, 3005; Pub. L.
100-418, title I, Sec. 1301(a), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1164; Pub. L.
103-465, title III, Sec. 314(a)-(c), title VI, Sec. 621(a)(9), Dec. 8,
1994, 108 Stat. 4939, 4940, 4993; Pub. L. 104-295, Sec. 20(c)(4), Oct.
11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3528.)
Prior Provisions
A prior section 301 of Pub. L. 93-618, title III, Jan. 3, 1975, 88
Stat. 2041, which related to Presidential responses to foreign import
restrictions and export subsidies and which was classified to this
section, was omitted in the general revision of chapter 1 of title III
of Pub. L. 93-618 by Pub. L. 96-39, title IX, Sec. 901, July 26, 1979,
93 Stat. 295.
Amendments
1996--Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 104-295 substituted ``paragraph
(1)(D)(iii)'' for ``paragraph (1)(C)(iii)''.
1994--Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 103-465, Sec. 314(a)(1), inserted at
end of concluding provisions ``Actions may be taken that are within the
power of the President with respect to trade in any goods or services,
or with respect to any other area of pertinent relations with the
foreign country.''
Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 103-465, Sec. 621(a)(9), substituted
``the Dispute Settlement Body (as defined in section 3531(5) of this
title) has adopted a report,'' for ``the Contracting Parties to the
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade have determined, a panel of
experts has reported to the Contracting Parties,''.
Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 103-465, Sec. 314(a)(1), inserted at end
``Actions may be taken that are within the power of the President with
respect to trade in any goods or services, or with respect to any other
area of pertinent relations with the foreign country.''
Subsec. (c)(1)(B) to (D). Pub. L. 103-465, Sec. 314(b)(1), struck
out ``or'' at end of subpar. (B), added subpar. (C), and redesignated
former subpar. (C) as (D).
Subsec. (c)(5). Pub. L. 103-465, Sec. 314(a)(2), added introductory
provisions, reenacted subpar. (A) without change, and struck out former
introductory provisions which read as follows: ``In taking actions under
subsection (a) or (b) of this section, the Trade Representative shall--
''.
Subsec. (d)(3)(B)(i)(II) to (IV). Pub. L. 103-465, Sec. 314(c)(1),
added subcls. (II) to (IV) and struck out former subcls. (II) and (III)
which read as follows:
``(II) provision of adequate and effective protection of
intellectual property rights, or
``(III) market opportunities, including the toleration by a foreign
government of systematic anticompetitive activities by private firms or
among private firms in the foreign country that have the effect of
restricting, on a basis that is inconsistent with commercial
considerations, access of United States goods to purchasing by such
firms,''.
Subsec. (d)(3)(F). Pub. L. 103-465, Sec. 314(c)(2), added subpar.
(F).
1988--Pub. L. 100-418 amended section generally, substituting
provisions relating to actions by United States Trade Representative for
provisions relating to determinations and action by President.
1984--Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98-573, Sec. 304(a), amended subsec. (a)
generally, which prior to amendment provided that if the President
determines that action by the United States is appropriate (1) to
enforce the rights of the United States under any trade agreement; or
(2) to respond to any act, policy, or practice of a foreign country or
instrumentality that (A) is inconsistent with the provisions of, or
otherwise denies benefits to the United States under, any trade
agreement, or (B) is unjustifiable, unreasonable, or discriminatory and
burdens or restricts United States commerce; the President shall take
all appropriate and feasible action within his power to enforce such
rights or to obtain the elimination of such act, policy, or practice and
that action under this section may be taken on a nondiscriminatory basis
or solely against the products or services of the foreign country or
instrumentality involved.
Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 98-573, Sec. 304(b)(1), struck out ``and''
at end.
Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 98-573, Sec. 304(b)(2), (3), inserted ``,
notwithstanding any other provision of law,'' and substituted ``goods''
for ``products''.
Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 98-573, Sec. 304(c), added subsec. (c)
and redesignated existing subsecs. (c) and (d) as (d) and (e),
respectively.
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 98-573, Sec. 304(c), (f), redesignated subsec.
(d) as (e), inserted ``For purposes of this section--'' before par. (1),
in par. (1) substituted provisions defining ``commerce'' as including,
but not limited to services (including transfers of information)
associated with international trade, whether or not such services are
related to specific goods, and foreign direct investment by United
States persons with implications for trade in goods or services for
provision defining ``commerce'' as including, but not limited to,
services associated with international trade, whether or not such
services are related to specific products, and added pars. (3) to (6).
Effective Date of 1994 Amendment
Amendment by section 314(a)-(c) of Pub. L. 103-465 effective on the
date on which the WTO Agreement enters into force with respect to the
United States [Jan. 1, 1995], see section 316(a) of Pub. L. 103-465, set
out as an Effective Date note under section 3581 of this title.
Amendment by section 621(a)(9) of Pub. L. 103-465 effective on the
date on which the WTO Agreement enters into force with respect to the
United States [Jan. 1, 1995], see section 621(b) of Pub. L. 103-465, set
out as a note under section 1677k of this title.
Effective Date of 1988 Amendment
Section 1301(c) of Pub. L. 100-418 provided that: ``The amendments
made by this section [enacting sections 2417 to 2419 of this title and
amending this section and sections 2412 to 2416 of this title] shall
apply to--
``(1) petitions filed, and investigations initiated, under
section 302 of the Trade Act of 1974 [19 U.S.C. 2412] on or after
the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 23, 1988]; and
``(2) petitions filed, and investigations initiated, before the
date of enactment of this Act, if by that date no decision had been
made under section 304 [19 U.S.C. 2414] regarding the petition or
investigation.''
Effective Date
Section 903 of Pub. L. 96-39 provided that: ``The amendments made by
sections 901 and 902 [enacting this subchapter and amending sections
1872, 2192, and 2194 of this title] shall take effect on the date of the
enactment of this Act [July 26, 1979]. Any petition for review filed
with the Special Representative for Trade Negotiations under section 301
of the Trade Act of 1974 (as in effect on the day before such date of
enactment) [former section 2411 of this title] and pending on such date
of enactment shall be treated as an investigation initiated on such date
of enactment under section 302(b)(2) of the Trade Act of 1974 (as added
by section 901 of this Act) [section 2412(b)(2) of this title] and any
information developed by, or submitted to, the Special Representative
before such date of enactment under the review shall be treated as part
of the information developed during such investigation.''
Ex. Ord. No. 13155. Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals and Medical
Technologies
Ex. Ord. No. 13155, May 10, 2000, 65 F.R. 30521, provided:
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and
the laws of the United States of America, including sections 141 and
chapter 1 of title III of the Trade Act of 1974, as amended (19 U.S.C.
2171, 2411-2420), section 307 of the Public Health Service Act (42
U.S.C. 242l), and section 104 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as
amended (22 U.S.C. 2151b), and in accordance with executive branch
policy on health-related intellectual property matters to promote access
to essential medicines, it is hereby ordered as follows:
Section 1. Policy. (a) In administering sections 301-310 of the
Trade Act of 1974 [19 U.S.C. 2411-2420], the United States shall not
seek, through negotiation or otherwise, the revocation or revision of
any intellectual property law or policy of a beneficiary sub-Saharan
African country, as determined by the President, that regulates HIV/AIDS
pharmaceuticals or medical technologies if the law or policy of the
country:
(1) promotes access to HIV/AIDS pharmaceuticals or medical
technologies for affected populations in that country; and
(2) provides adequate and effective intellectual property protection
consistent with the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) referred to in section 101(d)(15) of
the Uruguay Round Agreements Act (19 U.S.C. 3511(d)(15)).
(b) The United States shall encourage all beneficiary sub-Saharan
African countries to implement policies designed to address the
underlying causes of the HIV/AIDS crisis by, among other things, making
efforts to encourage practices that will prevent further transmission
and infection and to stimulate development of the infrastructure
necessary to deliver adequate health services, and by encouraging
policies that provide an incentive for public and private research on,
and development of, vaccines and other medical innovations that will
combat the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Africa.
Sec. 2. Rationale: (a) This order finds that:
(1) since the onset of the worldwide HIV/AIDS epidemic,
approximately 34 million people living in sub-Saharan Africa have been
infected with the disease;
(2) of those infected, approximately 11.5 million have died;
(3) the deaths represent 83 percent of the total HIV/AIDS-related
deaths worldwide; and
(4) access to effective therapeutics for HIV/AIDS is determined by
issues of price, health system infrastructure for delivery, and
sustainable financing.
(b) In light of these findings, this order recognizes that:
(1) it is in the interest of the United States to take all
reasonable steps to prevent further spread of infectious disease,
particularly HIV/AIDS;
(2) there is critical need for effective incentives to develop new
pharmaceuticals, vaccines, and therapies to combat the HIV/AIDS crisis,
including effective global intellectual property standards designed to
foster pharmaceutical and medical innovation;
(3) the overriding priority for responding to the crisis of HIV/AIDS
in sub-Saharan Africa should be to improve public education and to
encourage practices that will prevent further transmission and
infection, and to stimulate development of the infrastructure necessary
to deliver adequate health care services;
(4) the United States should work with individual countries in sub-
Saharan Africa to assist them in development of effective public
education campaigns aimed at the prevention of HIV/AIDS transmission and
infection, and to improve their health care infrastructure to promote
improved access to quality health care for their citizens in general,
and particularly with respect to the HIV/AIDS epidemic;
(5) an effective United States response to the crisis in sub-Saharan
Africa must focus in the short term on preventive programs designed to
reduce the frequency of new infections and remove the stigma of the
disease, and should place a priority on basic health services that can
be used to treat opportunistic infections, sexually transmitted
infections, and complications associated with HIV/AIDS so as to prolong
the duration and improve the quality of life of those with the disease;
(6) an effective United States response to the crisis must also
focus on the development of HIV/AIDS vaccines to prevent the spread of
the disease;
(7) the innovative capacity of the United States in the commercial
and public pharmaceutical research sectors is unmatched in the world,
and the participation of both these sectors will be a critical element
in any successful program to respond to the HIV/AIDS crisis in sub-
Saharan Africa;
(8) the TRIPS Agreement recognizes the importance of promoting
effective and adequate protection of intellectual property rights and
the right of countries to adopt measures necessary to protect public
health;
(9) individual countries should have the ability to take measures to
address the HIV/AIDS epidemic, provided that such measures are
consistent with their international obligations; and
(10) successful initiatives will require effective partnerships and
cooperation among governments, international organizations,
nongovernmental organizations, and the private sector, and greater
consideration should be given to financial, legal, and other incentives
that will promote improved prevention and treatment actions.
Sec. 3. Scope. (a) This order prohibits the United States Government
from taking action pursuant to section 301(b) of the Trade Act of 1974
[19 U.S.C. 2411(b)] with respect to any law or policy in beneficiary
sub-Saharan African countries that promotes access to HIV/AIDS
pharmaceuticals or medical technologies and that provides adequate and
effective intellectual property protection consistent with the TRIPS
Agreement. However, this order does not prohibit United States
Government officials from evaluating, determining, or expressing concern
about whether such a law or policy promotes access to HIV/AIDS
pharmaceuticals or medical technologies or provides adequate and
effective intellectual property protection consistent with the TRIPS
Agreement. In addition, this order does not prohibit United States
Government officials from consulting with or otherwise discussing with
sub-Saharan African governments whether such law or policy meets the
conditions set forth in section 1(a) of this order. Moreover, this order
does not prohibit the United States Government from invoking the dispute
settlement procedures of the World Trade Organization to examine whether
any such law or policy is consistent with the Uruguay Round Agreements,
referred to in section 101(d) of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act [19
U.S.C. 3511(d)].
(b) This order is intended only to improve the internal management
of the executive branch and is not intended to, and does not create, any
right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or
equity by a party against the United States, its agencies or
instrumentalities, its officers or employees, or any other person.
William J. Clinton.
Section Referred to in Other Sections
This section is referred to in sections 2112, 2241, 2412, 2414,
2415, 2416, 2417, 2419, 2554, 2581, 3105, 3106, 3312, 3437, 3512, 3571
of this title; title 7 sections 5602, 5623.
