§ 133. — Appointment and number of district judges.
[Laws in effect as of January 24, 2002]
[Document not affected by Public Laws enacted between
January 24, 2002 and December 19, 2002]
[CITE: 28USC133]
TITLE 28--JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE
PART I--ORGANIZATION OF COURTS
CHAPTER 5--DISTRICT COURTS
Sec. 133. Appointment and number of district judges
(a) The President shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent
of the Senate, district judges for the several judicial districts, as
follows:
Districts Judges
Alabama:
Northern.................................................... 7
Middle...................................................... 3
Southern.................................................... 3
Alaska........................................................ 3
Arizona....................................................... 12
Arkansas:
Eastern..................................................... 5
Western..................................................... 3
California:
Northern.................................................... 14
Eastern..................................................... 6
Central..................................................... 27
Southern.................................................... 13
Colorado...................................................... 7
Connecticut................................................... 8
Delaware...................................................... 4
District of Columbia.......................................... 15
Florida:
Northern.................................................... 4
Middle...................................................... 15
Southern.................................................... 17
Georgia:
Northern.................................................... 11
Middle...................................................... 4
Southern.................................................... 3
Hawaii........................................................ 3
Idaho......................................................... 2
Illinois:
Northern.................................................... 22
Central..................................................... 4
Southern.................................................... 4
Indiana:
Northern.................................................... 5
Southern.................................................... 5
Iowa:
Northern.................................................... 2
Southern.................................................... 3
Kansas........................................................ 5
Kentucky:
Eastern..................................................... 5
Western..................................................... 4
Eastern and Western......................................... 1
Louisiana:
Eastern..................................................... 12
Middle...................................................... 3
Western..................................................... 7
Maine......................................................... 3
Maryland...................................................... 10
Massachusetts................................................. 13
Michigan:
Eastern..................................................... 15
Western..................................................... 4
Minnesota..................................................... 7
Mississippi:
Northern.................................................... 3
Southern.................................................... 6
Missouri:
Eastern..................................................... 6
Western..................................................... 5
Eastern and Western......................................... 2
Montana....................................................... 3
Nebraska...................................................... 3
Nevada........................................................ 7
New Hampshire................................................. 3
New Jersey.................................................... 17
New Mexico.................................................... 6
New York:
Northern.................................................... 5
Southern.................................................... 28
Eastern..................................................... 15
Western..................................................... 4
North Carolina:
Eastern..................................................... 4
Middle...................................................... 4
Western..................................................... 4
North Dakota.................................................. 2
Ohio:
Northern.................................................... 11
Southern.................................................... 8
Oklahoma:
Northern.................................................... 3
Eastern..................................................... 1
Western..................................................... 6
Northern, Eastern, and Western.............................. 1
Oregon........................................................ 6
Pennsylvania:
Eastern..................................................... 22
Middle...................................................... 6
Western..................................................... 10
Puerto Rico................................................... 7
Rhode Island.................................................. 3
South Carolina................................................ 10
South Dakota.................................................. 3
Tennessee:
Eastern..................................................... 5
Middle...................................................... 4
Western..................................................... 5
Texas:
Northern.................................................... 12
Southern.................................................... 19
Eastern..................................................... 7
Western..................................................... 13
Utah.......................................................... 5
Vermont....................................................... 2
Virginia:
Eastern..................................................... 11
Western..................................................... 4
Washington:
Eastern..................................................... 4
Western..................................................... 7
West Virginia:
Northern.................................................... 3
Southern.................................................... 5
Wisconsin:
Eastern..................................................... 5
Western..................................................... 2
Wyoming....................................................... 3.
(b)(1) In any case in which a judge of the United States (other than
a senior judge) assumes the duties of a full-time office of Federal
judicial administration, the President shall appoint, by and with the
advice and consent of the Senate, an additional judge for the court on
which such judge serves. If the judge who assumes the duties of such
full-time office leaves that office and resumes the duties as an active
judge of the court, then the President shall not appoint a judge to fill
the first vacancy which occurs thereafter in that court.
(2) For purposes of paragraph (1), the term ``office of Federal
judicial administration'' means a position as Director of the Federal
Judicial Center, Director of the Administrative Office of the United
States Courts, or administrative assistant to the Chief Justice.
(June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 895; Aug. 3, 1949, ch. 387, Sec. 2(a),
63 Stat. 493; Aug. 14, 1950, ch. 708, 64 Stat. 443; Aug. 29, 1950, ch.
819, Sec. 1, 64 Stat. 562; Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 848, Sec. 1, 64 Stat. 578;
Feb. 10, 1954, ch. 6, Sec. 2(a)(3), 68 Stat. 9; Pub. L. 85-310, Sept. 7,
1957, 71 Stat. 631; Pub. L. 85-508, Sec. 12(c), July 7, 1958, 72 Stat.
348; Pub. L. 86-3, Sec. 9(b), Mar. 18, 1959, 73 Stat. 8; Pub. L. 87-36,
Sec. 2(d), May 19, 1961, 75 Stat. 81; Pub. L. 87-562, Sec. 3, July 30,
1962, 76 Stat. 248; Pub. L. 89-242, Sec. 1(c), Oct. 7, 1965, 79 Stat.
951; Pub. L. 89-372, Sec. 4, Mar. 18, 1966, 80 Stat. 77; Pub. L. 91-272,
Sec. 1(d), June 2, 1970, 84 Stat. 295; Pub. L. 92-208, Sec. 3(d), Dec.
18, 1971, 85 Stat. 742; Pub. L. 95-408, Sec. 4(b)(2), Oct. 2, 1978, 92
Stat. 885; Pub. L. 95-486, Sec. 1(c), Oct. 20, 1978, 92 Stat. 1630; Pub.
L. 97-471, Sec. 3, Jan. 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2601; Pub. L. 98-353, title
II, Sec. 202(e), July 10, 1984, 98 Stat. 348; Pub. L. 101-650, title II,
Sec. 203(d), title III, Sec. 303, Dec. 1, 1990, 104 Stat. 5101, 5105;
Pub. L. 105-53, Sec. 4, Oct. 6, 1997, 111 Stat. 1174; Pub. L. 106-113,
div. B, Sec. 1000(a)(1) [title III, Sec. 309(b)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113
Stat. 1535, 1501A-37; Pub. L. 106-553, Sec. 1(a)(2) [title III,
Sec. 305(b)], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2762, 2762A-85; Pub. L. 107-273,
div. A, title III, Sec. 312(a)(2), (b)(2), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1786,
1787.)
Historical and Revision Notes
Based on title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Sec. 1 and notes; sections 641,
643, 863, and 864 of title 48, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Territories and Insular
Possessions; District of Columbia Code, 1940 ed., Sec. 11-301 (Apr. 12,
1900, ch. 191, Secs. 34, 35, 31 Stat. 84, 85; Apr. 30, 1900, ch. 339,
Sec. 86, 31 Stat. 158; Mar. 3, 1901, ch. 854, Sec. 60, 31 Stat. 1199;
Mar. 3, 1909, ch. 269, Sec. 1, 35 Stat. 838; Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231,
Sec. 1, 36 Stat. 1087; Jan. 7, 1913, ch. 6, 37 Stat. 648; July 30, 1914,
ch. 216, 38 Stat. 580; Mar. 3, 1915, ch. 100, Sec. 1, 38 Stat. 961; Apr.
11, 1916, ch. 64, Sec. 1, 39 Stat. 48; Feb. 26, 1917, ch. 120, 39 Stat.
938; Mar. 2, 1917, ch. 145, Secs. 41, 42, 39 Stat. 965, 966; Feb. 26,
1919, ch. 50, Sec. 1, 40 Stat. 1183; Mar. 4, 1921, ch. 161, Sec. 1, 41
Stat. 1412; July 9, 1921, ch. 42, Sec. 313, 42 Stat. 119; Sept. 14,
1922, ch. 306, Sec. 1, 42 Stat. 837; Jan. 16, 1925, ch. 83, Sec. 3, 43
Stat. 752; Feb. 12, 1925, ch. 220, 43 Stat. 890; Feb. 13, 1925, ch. 229,
Secs. 1, 13, 43 Stat. 936, 942; Feb. 16, 1925, ch. 233, Secs. 2, 3, 43
Stat. 946; Mar. 2, 1925, ch. 397, Secs. 1-3, 43 Stat. 1098; Mar. 3,
1927, ch. 297, Sec. 1, 44 Stat. 1346; Mar. 3, 1927, ch. 298, 44 Stat.
1347; Mar. 3, 1927, ch. 300, Sec. 1, 44 Stat. 1348; Mar. 3, 1927, ch.
332, 44 Stat. 1370; Mar. 3, 1927, ch. 336, Secs. 1, 2, 44 Stat. 1372;
Mar. 3, 1927, ch. 338, 44 Stat. 1374; Mar. 3, 1927, ch. 344, 44 Stat.
1380; Jan. 31, 1928, ch. 14, Sec. 1, 45 Stat. 54; Apr. 21, 1928, ch.
393, Sec. 5, 45 Stat. 439; May 29, 1928, ch. 882, 45 Stat. 974; Dec. 20,
1928, ch. 41, 45 Stat. 1056; Jan. 17, 1929, ch. 72, Sec. 1, 45 Stat.
1081; Feb. 26, 1929, ch. 334, 45 Stat. 1317; Feb. 26, 1929, ch. 337, 45
Stat. 1319; Feb. 28, 1929, ch. 358, Sec. 1, 45 Stat. 1344; Feb. 28,
1929, ch. 380, 45 Stat. 1409; May 28, 1930, ch. 346, Sec. 1, 46 Stat.
431; June 19, 1930, ch. 537, 46 Stat. 785; June 27, 1930, ch. 633, 46
Stat. 819; June 27, 1930, ch. 635, Sec. 1, 46 Stat. 820; July 3, 1930,
ch. 852, 46 Stat. 1006; Feb. 20, 1931, ch. 244, 46 Stat. 1196; Feb. 20,
1931, ch. 245, 46 Stat. 1197; Feb. 25, 1931, ch. 296, 46 Stat. 1417; May
17, 1932, ch. 190, 47 Stat. 158; May 20, 1932, ch. 196, 47 Stat. 161;
Aug. 2, 1935, ch. 425, 49 Stat. 508; Aug. 19, 1935, ch. 558, Secs. 1, 2,
49 Stat. 659; Aug. 28, 1935, ch. 793, 49 Stat. 945; June 5, 1936, ch.
515, 49 Stat. 1476; June 15, 1936, ch. 544, 49 Stat. 1491; June 16,
1936, ch. 585, Sec. 1, 49 Stat. 1523; June 22, 1936, ch. 693, 49 Stat.
1804; June 22, 1936, ch. 694, 49 Stat. 1804; June 22, 1936, ch. 696, 49
Stat. 1806; Aug. 25, 1937, ch. 771, Sec. 1, 50 Stat. 805; Mar. 18, 1938,
ch. 47, 52 Stat. 110; Mar. 26, 1938, ch. 51, Sec. 2, 52 Stat. 118; May
31, 1938, ch. 290, Secs. 4, 5, 6, 52 Stat. 584, 585; June 20, 1938, ch.
528, 52 Stat. 780; Jan. 20, 1940, ch. 11, 54 Stat. 16; May 24, 1940, ch.
209, Sec. 2(c), 54 Stat. 220; June 8, 1940, ch. 282, 54 Stat. 253; Nov.
27, 1940, ch. 92, Sec. 1, 54 Stat. 1216; Nov. 21, 1941, ch. 479, 55
Stat. 773; July 7, 1942, ch. 489, 56 Stat. 648; Dec. 24, 1942, ch. 817,
56 Stat. 1083; Dec. 24, 1942, ch. 827, 56 Stat. 1092; Dec. 7, 1944, ch.
521, 58 Stat. 796; Dec. 22, 1944, ch. 663, 58 Stat. 887; Oct. 16, 1945,
ch. 419, Secs. 1, 2, 59 Stat. 545, 546; June 15, 1946, ch. 413, 60 Stat.
260; July 24, 1946, chs. 600, 602, 60 Stat. 654).
Section consolidates provisions of section 1 of title 28, U.S.C.,
1940 ed., and sections 641, 643, 863, and 864 of title 48, U.S.C., 1940
ed., with changes in phraseology necessary to effect consolidation.
Provisions of section 1 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., relating to
residence of judges, are covered by section 134 of this title.
The act of Dec. 7, 1944, amended section 2 of the act of May 24,
1940, 54 Stat. 219, section 1, note, of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., to
read as follows: ``(a) Provided, That the first vacancy in the office of
district judge in each of said districts except in the eastern district
of Pennsylvania, shall not be filled.''
The act of Dec. 22, 1944, amended the same section to read as
follows: ``(a) Provided, That the first vacancy occurring in the office
of district judge in each of said districts except the district of New
Jersey shall not be filled.''
The act of July 24, 1946, ch. 600, Sec. 1, 60 Stat. 654, amended the
proviso in the 1940 act to read as follows: ``Provided, That the first
vacancy occurring in the office of district judge in each of said
districts, except the district of New Jersey and the eastern district of
Pennsylvania, shall not be filled.''
The following additional but temporary judgeships, authorized by
Congress, are not included in the revised section:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Districts Judges
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Delaware...................................................... 1
Florida, Northern and Southern................................ 1
Georgia, Northern............................................. 1
Kansas........................................................ 1
Missouri, Eastern and Western................................. 1
Ohio, Northern................................................ 1
Oklahoma, Western............................................. 1
Pennsylvania, Eastern, Middle and Western..................... 1
West Virginia, Northern and Southern.......................... 1
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Other provisions of said section 11-301 of the District of Columbia
Code, 1940 ed., are incorporated in section 136 of this title.
A part of section 641 of title 48, U.S.C., 1940 ed., is incorporated
in sections 91 and 132 of this title.
Parts of sections 863 and 864 of title 48, U.S.C., 1940 ed., are
retained in title 48. For other parts of those sections, see
Distribution Table.
Other provisions of section 643 of title 48, U.S.C., 1940 ed., are
incorporated in sections 501 [now 541], 504 [now 541 to 544], and 541
[see 561] of this title.
Senate Revision Amendment
Provisions for one district judge in the Southern District of
Indiana were inserted in this section by Senate amendment. See 80th
Congress Senate Report No. 1559.
Codification
Paragraph (2) of subsection (b) of section 4 of Pub. L. 95-408,
cited as a credit to this section, was amended generally by Pub. L. 96-
4, Sec. 1, Mar. 30, 1979, 93 Stat. 6, and enacted provisions which are
set out as a note under section 93 of this title.
Amendments
2002--Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107-273 increased number of permanent
district judgeships as follows: in Southern District of California from
8 to 13, in Central and Southern Districts of Illinois from 3 to 4, in
Northern District of New York from 4 to 5, in Western District of North
Carolina from 3 to 4, in Western District of Texas from 11 to 13, and in
Eastern District of Virginia from 10 to 11.
2000--Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106-553 increased number of permanent
district judgeships as follows: in Arizona from 11 to 12, in Southern
District of Florida from 16 to 17, in Eastern District of Kentucky from
4 to 5, in Nevada from 6 to 7, in New Mexico from 5 to 6, in South
Carolina from 9 to 10, in Southern District of Texas from 18 to 19, in
Western District of Texas from 10 to 11, in Eastern District of Virginia
from 9 to 10, and in Eastern District of Wisconsin from 4 to 5.
1999--Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106-113 increased number of permanent
district judgeships in Arizona from 8 to 11, increased number of
permanent district judgeships in Middle District of Florida from 11 to
15, and increased number of permanent district judgeships in Nevada from
4 to 6.
1997--Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105-53 in item relating to Louisiana,
reduced number of permanent district judgeships in Eastern District from
13 to 12 and increased number in Middle District from 2 to 3.
1990--Pub. L. 101-650, Sec. 303(1), designated existing provisions
as subsec. (a) and added subsec. (b).
Pub. L. 101-650, Sec. 203(d), altered number of permanent district
judgeships in named districts as follows:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
State Former New
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alabama:
Northern............................................ 7 7
Middle.............................................. 3 3
Southern............................................ 3 3
Alaska................................................ 3 3
Arizona............................................... 8 8
Arkansas:
Eastern............................................. 3 5
Western............................................. 1 3
Eastern and Western................................. 2 0
California:
Northern............................................ 12 14
Eastern............................................. 6 6
Central............................................. 22 27
Southern............................................ 7 8
Colorado.............................................. 7 7
Connecticut........................................... 6 8
Delaware.............................................. 4 4
District of Columbia.................................. 15 15
Florida:
Northern............................................ 3 4
Middle.............................................. 9 11
Southern............................................ 15 16
Georgia:
Northern............................................ 11 11
Middle.............................................. 3 4
Southern............................................ 3 3
Hawaii................................................ 3 3
Idaho................................................. 2 2
Illinois:
Northern............................................ 20 22
Central............................................. 3 3
Southern............................................ 3 3
Indiana:
Northern............................................ 4 5
Southern............................................ 5 5
Iowa:
Northern............................................ 1 2
Southern............................................ 2 3
Northern and Southern............................... 1 0
Kansas................................................ 5 5
Kentucky:
Eastern............................................. 4 4
Western............................................. 4 4
Eastern and Western................................. 1 1
Louisiana:
Eastern............................................. 13 13
Middle.............................................. 2 2
Western............................................. 6 7
Maine................................................. 2 3
Maryland.............................................. 10 10
Massachusetts......................................... 11 13
Michigan:
Eastern............................................. 15 15
Western............................................. 4 4
Minnesota............................................. 7 7
Mississippi:
Northern............................................ 3 3
Southern............................................ 5 6
Missouri:
Eastern............................................. 5 6
Western............................................. 5 5
Eastern and Western................................. 2 2
Montana............................................... 3 3
Nebraska.............................................. 3 3
Nevada................................................ 4 4
New Hampshire......................................... 2 3
New Jersey............................................ 14 17
New Mexico............................................ 4 5
New York:
Northern............................................ 4 4
Southern............................................ 27 28
Eastern............................................. 12 15
Western............................................. 3 4
North Carolina:
Eastern............................................. 3 4
Middle.............................................. 3 4
Western............................................. 3 3
North Dakota.......................................... 2 2
Ohio:
Northern............................................ 10 11
Southern............................................ 7 8
Oklahoma:
Northern............................................ 2 3
Eastern............................................. 1 1
Western............................................. 4 6
Northern, Eastern, and Western...................... 2 1
Oregon................................................ 5 6
Pennsylvania:
Eastern............................................. 19 22
Middle.............................................. 5 6
Western............................................. 10 10
Puerto Rico........................................... 7 7
Rhode Island.......................................... 3 3
South Carolina........................................ 8 9
South Dakota.......................................... 3 3
Tennessee:
Eastern............................................. 4 5
Middle.............................................. 3 4
Western............................................. 4 5
Texas:
Northern............................................ 10 12
Southern............................................ 13 18
Eastern............................................. 6 7
Western............................................. 7 10
Utah.................................................. 4 5
Vermont............................................... 2 2
Virginia:
Eastern............................................. 9 9
Western............................................. 4 4
Washington:
Eastern............................................. 3 4
Western............................................. 6 7
West Virginia:
Northern............................................ 2 3
Southern............................................ 4 5
Wisconsin:
Eastern............................................. 4 4
Western............................................. 2 2
Wyoming............................................... 2 3
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1984--Pub. L. 98-353 altered number of permanent district judgeships
in named districts as follows:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
State Former New
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alabama:
Northern............................................ 7 7
Middle.............................................. 3 3
Southern............................................ 2 3
Alaska................................................ 2 3
Arizona............................................... 8 8
Arkansas:
Eastern............................................. 3 3
Western............................................. 1 1
Eastern and Western................................. 2 2
California:
Northern............................................ 12 12
Eastern............................................. 6 6
Central............................................. 17 22
Southern............................................ 7 7
Colorado.............................................. 6 7
Connecticut........................................... 5 6
Delaware.............................................. 3 4
District of Columbia.................................. 15 15
Florida:
Northern............................................ 3 3
Middle.............................................. 9 9
Southern............................................ 12 15
Georgia:
Northern............................................ 11 11
Middle.............................................. 2 3
Southern............................................ 3 3
Hawaii................................................ 2 3
Idaho................................................. 2 2
Illinois:
Northern............................................ 16 20
Central............................................. 3 3
Southern............................................ 2 3
Indiana:
Northern............................................ 4 4
Southern............................................ 5 5
Iowa:
Northern............................................ 1 1
Southern............................................ 2 2
Northern and Southern............................... 1 1
Kansas................................................ 5 5
Kentucky:
Eastern............................................. 4 4
Western............................................. 3 4
Eastern and Western................................. 1 1
Louisiana:
Eastern............................................. 13 13
Middle.............................................. 2 2
Western............................................. 5 6
Maine................................................. 2 2
Maryland.............................................. 9 10
Massachusetts......................................... 10 11
Michigan:
Eastern............................................. 13 15
Western............................................. 4 4
Minnesota............................................. 5 7
Mississippi:
Northern............................................ 2 3
Southern............................................ 3 5
Missouri:
Eastern............................................. 4 5
Western............................................. 5 5
Eastern and Western................................. 2 2
Montana............................................... 2 3
Nebraska.............................................. 3 3
Nevada................................................ 3 4
New Hampshire......................................... 2 2
New Jersey............................................ 11 14
New Mexico............................................ 4 4
New York:
Northern............................................ 3 4
Southern............................................ 27 27
Eastern............................................. 10 12
Western............................................. 3 3
North Carolina:
Eastern............................................. 3 3
Middle.............................................. 3 3
Western............................................. 3 3
North Dakota.......................................... 2 2
Ohio:
Northern............................................ 9 10
Southern............................................ 6 7
Oklahoma:
Northern............................................ 2 2
Eastern............................................. 1 1
Western............................................. 3 4
Northern, Eastern, and Western...................... 2 2
Oregon................................................ 5 5
Pennsylvania:
Eastern............................................. 19 19
Middle.............................................. 5 5
Western............................................. 10 10
Puerto Rico........................................... 7 7
Rhode Island.......................................... 2 3
South Carolina........................................ 8 8
South Dakota.......................................... 3 3
Tennessee:
Eastern............................................. 3 4
Middle.............................................. 3 3
Western............................................. 3 4
Texas:
Northern............................................ 9 10
Eastern............................................. 4 6
Southern............................................ 13 13
Western............................................. 6 7
Utah.................................................. 3 4
Vermont............................................... 2 2
Virginia:
Eastern............................................. 8 9
Western............................................. 4 4
Washington:
Eastern............................................. 2 3
Western............................................. 5 6
West Virginia:
Northern............................................ 2 2
Southern............................................ 4 4
Wisconsin:
Eastern............................................. 4 4
Western............................................. 2 2
Wyoming............................................... 1 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1983--Pub. L. 97-471 in item relating to West Virginia increased the
number of judges for the Northern District from 1 to 2, increased the
number of judges for the Southern District from 3 to 4, and struck out
an item which had authorized a Northern and Southern District with 1
judge.
1978--Pub. L. 95-486 altered the number of permanent district
judgeships in the named districts as follows:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
State Former New
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alabama:
Northern............................................ 4 7
Middle.............................................. 2 3
Southern............................................ 2 2
Alaska................................................ 2 2
Arizona............................................... 5 8
Arkansas:
Eastern............................................. 1 3
Western............................................. 1 1
Eastern and Western................................. 2 2
California:
Northern............................................ 11 12
Eastern............................................. 3 6
Central............................................. 16 17
Southern............................................ 5 7
Colorado.............................................. 4 6
Connecticut........................................... 4 5
Delaware.............................................. 3 3
District of Columbia.................................. 15 15
Florida:
Northern............................................ 2 3
Middle.............................................. 6 9
Southern............................................ 7 12
Georgia:
Northern............................................ 6 11
Middle.............................................. 2 2
Southern............................................ 2 3
Hawaii................................................ 2 2
Idaho................................................. 2 2
Illinois:
Northern............................................ 13 16
Central............................................. 2 3
Southern............................................ 2 2
Indiana:
Northern............................................ 3 4
Southern............................................ 4 5
Iowa:
Northern............................................ 1 1
Southern............................................ 1 2
Northern and Southern............................... 1 1
Kansas................................................ 4 5
Kentucky:
Eastern............................................. 2 4
Western............................................. 3 3
Eastern and Western................................. 1 1
Louisiana:
Eastern............................................. 9 13
Middle.............................................. 1 2
Western............................................. 4 5
Maine................................................. 1 2
Maryland.............................................. 7 9
Massachusetts......................................... 6 10
Michigan:
Eastern............................................. 10 13
Western............................................. 2 4
Minnesota............................................. 4 5
Mississippi:
Northern............................................ 2 2
Southern............................................ 3 3
Missouri:
Eastern............................................. 3 4
Western............................................. 3 5
Eastern and Western................................. 2 2
Montana............................................... 2 2
Nebraska.............................................. 3 3
Nevada................................................ 2 3
New Hampshire......................................... 1 2
New Jersey............................................ 9 11
New Mexico............................................ 3 4
New York:
Northern............................................ 2 3
Southern............................................ 27 27
Eastern............................................. 9 10
Western............................................. 3 3
North Carolina:
Eastern............................................. 2 3
Western............................................. 2 3
Middle.............................................. 2 3
North Dakota.......................................... 2 2
Ohio:
Northern............................................ 8 9
Southern............................................ 5 6
Oklahoma:
Northern............................................ 1 2
Eastern............................................. 1 1
Western............................................. 2 3
Northern, Eastern, and Western...................... 2 2
Oregon................................................ 3 5
Pennsylvania:
Eastern............................................. 19 19
Middle.............................................. 3 5
Western............................................. 10 10
Puerto Rico........................................... 3 7
Rhode Island.......................................... 2 2
South Carolina........................................ 5 8
South Dakota.......................................... 2 3
Tennessee:
Eastern............................................. 3 3
Middle.............................................. 2 3
Western............................................. 3 3
Texas:
Northern............................................ 6 9
Southern............................................ 8 13
Eastern............................................. 3 4
Western............................................. 5 6
Utah.................................................. 2 3
Vermont............................................... 2 2
Virginia:
Eastern............................................. 6 8
Western............................................. 2 4
Washington:
Eastern............................................. 1 2
Western............................................. 3 5
West Virginia:
Northern............................................ 1 1
Southern............................................ 2 3
Northern and Southern............................... 1 1
Wisconsin:
Eastern............................................. 3 4
Western............................................. 1 2
Wyoming............................................... 1 1
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pub. L. 95-408 substituted ``Central'' for ``Southern'' and
``Southern'' for ``Eastern'' in item relating to Illinois.
1971--Pub. L. 92-208 created a Middle District in the Louisiana
listing with one judge and reduced from 10 to 9 the number of judges for
the Eastern District of Louisiana.
1970--Pub. L. 91-272 altered the number of permanent district
judgeships in the named districts as follows:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
State Former New
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alabama:
Northern............................................. 3 4
Middle............................................... 1 2
Southern............................................. 1 2
Middle and Southern.................................. 1 0
Arizona................................................ 4 5
California:
Northern............................................. 9 11
Central.............................................. 13 16
Southern............................................. 2 5
Colorado............................................... 3 4
Florida:
Middle............................................... 5 6
Southern............................................. 5 7
Georgia:
Northern............................................. 3 6
Southern............................................. 1 2
Illinois: Northern..................................... 11 13
Kansas................................................. 3 4
Kentucky:
Eastern.............................................. 1 2
Western.............................................. 2 3
Louisiana:
Eastern.............................................. 8 10
Western.............................................. 3 4
Maryland............................................... 5 7
Michigan: Eastern...................................... 8 10
Missouri: Eastern...................................... 2 3
Nebraska............................................... 2 3
New Jersey............................................. 8 9
New Mexico............................................. 2 3
New York:
Southern............................................. 24 27
Eastern.............................................. 8 9
Ohio:
Northern............................................. 7 8
Southern............................................. 4 5
Pennsylvania:
Eastern.............................................. 11 19
Western.............................................. 8 10
Puerto Rico............................................ 2 3
South Carolina......................................... 4 5
Tennessee: Western..................................... 2 3
Texas:
Northern............................................. 5 6
Southern............................................. 7 8
Eastern.............................................. 2 3
Western.............................................. 4 5
Virginia: Eastern...................................... 5 6
West Virginia: Southern................................ 1 2
Wisconsin: Eastern..................................... 2 3
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1966--Pub. L. 89-372 altered the number of permanent district
judgeships in the named districts as follows:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
State Former New
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alabama: Middle and Southern........................... 0 1
Arizona................................................ 3 4
California:
Northern............................................. 9 9
Eastern.............................................. 0 3
Central.............................................. 0 13
Southern............................................. 13 2
Florida:
Northern............................................. 1 2
Middle............................................... 3 5
Southern............................................. 3 5
Northern, Middle, and Southern....................... 1 0
Illinois: Northern..................................... 10 11
Indiana: Southern...................................... 3 4
Louisiana: Eastern..................................... 4 8
Maryland............................................... 4 5
Mississippi:
Northern............................................. 1 2
Southern............................................. 2 3
New York: Western...................................... 2 3
Ohio:
Northern............................................. 6 7
Southern............................................. 3 4
Rhode Island........................................... 1 2
Texas:
Southern............................................. 5 7
Western.............................................. 3 4
Vermont................................................ 1 2
Virginia: Eastern...................................... 3 5
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1965--Pub. L. 89-242 changed the South Carolina listing by removing
references to an Eastern and Western District, with 1 judge listed for
the Eastern, 1 judge for the Western, and 2 judges for the Eastern and
Western combined, and substituted therefor a single reference to a South
Carolina District with 4 judges.
1962--Pub. L. 87-562 amended the Florida listing by adding the
Middle District with its designation of 3 judges, substituted
``Northern, Middle, and Southern'' for ``Northern and Southern'', and
reduced the number of judges in the Southern District from 6 to 3.
1961--Pub. L. 87-36 increased the number of permanent district
judgeships in the named districts as follows:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
State Former New
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alabama:
Northern............................................. 2 3
Alaska................................................. 1 2
Arizona................................................ 2 3
Arkansas:
Eastern and Western.................................. 1 2
California:
Northern............................................. 7 9
Southern............................................. 11 13
Colorado............................................... 2 3
Connecticut............................................ 2 4
Florida:
Southern............................................. 4 6
Georgia:
Northern............................................. 2 3
Middle............................................... 1 2
Illinois:
Northern............................................. 8 10
Indiana:
Northern............................................. 2 3
Southern............................................. 2 3
Iowa:
Northern and Southern................................ 0 1
Kansas................................................. 2 3
Louisiana:
Eastern.............................................. 2 4
Western.............................................. 2 3
Maryland............................................... 2 4
Massachusetts.......................................... 5 6
Michigan:
Eastern.............................................. 6 8
Mississippi:
Southern............................................. 1 2
Missouri:
Western.............................................. 2 3
Nevada................................................. 1 2
New Jersey............................................. 7 8
New Mexico............................................. 1 2
New York:
Southern............................................. 18 24
Eastern.............................................. 6 8
North Carolina:
Eastern.............................................. 1 2
Western.............................................. 1 2
Middle............................................... 1 2
Ohio:
Northern............................................. 5 6
Oklahoma:
Northern, Eastern, and Western....................... 1 2
Pennsylvania:
Eastern.............................................. 8 11
Middle............................................... 2 3
Western.............................................. 5 8
Puerto Rico............................................ 1 2
South Carolina:
Eastern and Western.................................. 1 2
Tennessee:
Eastern.............................................. 2 3
Middle............................................... 1 2
Western.............................................. 1 2
Texas:
Northern............................................. 3 5
Southern............................................. 4 5
Western.............................................. 2 3
Utah................................................... 1 2
Washington:
Western.............................................. 2 3
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1959--Pub. L. 86-3 struck out provisions that restricted eligibility
for appointment as district judges for the district of Hawaii to
citizens of the Territory of Hawaii who have resided therein for at
least three years.
1958--Pub. L. 85-508 inserted ``Alaska -------- 1''.
1957--Pub. L. 85-310 increased the number of permanent judgeships in
the district of South Dakota from 1 to 2.
1954--Act Feb. 10, 1954, increased the number of permanent
judgeships in the named districts as follows:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
State Former New
------------------------------------------------------------------------
California:
Southern............................................. 10 11
Delaware............................................... 2 3
Florida:
Southern............................................. 3 4
Idaho.................................................. 1 2
Indiana:
Northern............................................. 1 2
Southern............................................. 1 2
Kentucky:
Western.............................................. 1 2
Massachusetts.......................................... 4 5
Michigan:
Eastern.............................................. 5 6
Western.............................................. 1 2
Missouri:
Eastern and Western.................................. 1 2
New Jersey............................................. 6 7
New York:
Southern............................................. 16 18
North Dakota........................................... 1 2
Ohio:
Northern............................................. 4 5
Pennsylvania:
Eastern.............................................. 7 8
Western.............................................. 4 5
Texas:
Southern............................................. 3 4
Eastern.............................................. 1 2
Virginia:
Eastern.............................................. 2 3
West Virginia:
Northern and Southern................................ 0 1
Wisconsin:
Eastern.............................................. 1 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1950--Act Sept. 5, 1950, increased the number of permanent
judgeships in the district of Delaware from 1 to 2.
Act Aug. 29, 1950, increased the number of permanent judgeships in
the western district of Pennsylvania from 3 to 4.
Act Aug. 14, 1950, increased the number of permanent judgeships in
the northern district of Illinois from 6 to 8.
1949--Act Aug. 3, 1949, increased the numbers of permanent
judgeships in the named districts as follows:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
State Former New
------------------------------------------------------------------------
California:
Northern............................................. 5 7
Southern............................................. 8 10
District of Columbia................................... 12 15
Florida:
Northern and Southern................................ 0 1
Georgia:
Northern............................................. 1 2
Kansas................................................. 1 2
New Jersey............................................. 5 6
New York:
Southern............................................. 12 16
Ohio:
Northern............................................. 3 4
Oklahoma:
Western.............................................. 1 2
Oregon................................................. 2 3
Pennsylvania:
Eastern.............................................. 5 7
Texas:
Southern............................................. 2 3
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Effective Date of 2002 Amendment
Pub. L. 107-273, div. A, title III, Sec. 312(a)(3), Nov. 2, 2002,
116 Stat. 1787, provided that: ``This subsection [amending this section
and enacting provisions set out as a note under this section] shall take
effect on July 15, 2003.''
Pub. L. 107-273, div. A, title III, Sec. 312(b)(3), Nov. 2, 2002,
116 Stat. 1788, provided that: ``With respect to the central or southern
district of Illinois, the northern district of New York, or the eastern
district of Virginia, this subsection [amending this section and
enacting provisions set out as a note under this section] shall take
effect on the earlier of--
``(A) the date on which the first vacancy in the office of
district judge occurs in such district; or
``(B) July 15, 2003.''
Effective Date of 1978 Amendment; Waiver of Standards and Guidelines;
Failure To Comply
Section 7 of Pub. L. 95-486 provided that:
``(a) The first section and section 2 of this Act [amending this
section and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section]
shall take effect immediately upon the President's promulgation and
publication of standards and guidelines for the selection, on the basis
of merit, of nominees for United States district court judgeships
authorized by this Act [amending this section, sections 44, 46, 1337,
and 1445 of this title, and section 5108 of Title 5, Government
Organization and Employees, enacting provisions set out as notes under
this section and sections 41 and 44 of this title, and amending
provisions set out as a note under section 45 of this title].
``(b) The President may waive such standards and guidelines with
respect to any nomination by notifying the Senate of the reasons for
such waiver.
``(c) Following the promulgation and publication of such standards
and guidelines, no nomination or appointment to a United States district
court judgeship may be invalidated on the basis of the President's
failure to comply with this section or with any standards or guidelines
promulgated under this section.
``(d) This Act, other than the first section and section 2 [amending
this section and enacting provisions set out as notes under this
section] shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act [Oct.
20, 1978].''
Section 11 of Pub. L. 95-486 provided that: ``Notwithstanding any
other provision of this Act the first section and section 2 [amending
this section and enacting provisions set out as notes under this
section] shall not take effect before November 1, 1978.''
Effective Date of 1978 Amendment; Savings Provision
Amendment by Pub. L. 95-408 effective 180 days after Oct. 2, 1978,
with such amendment not to affect the composition or preclude the
service of any grand or petit juror summoned, empaneled, or actually
serving in any judicial district on the effective date of this Act, see
section 5 of Pub. L. 95-408, set out as a note under section 89 of this
title.
Effective Date of 1971 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 92-208 effective 120 days after Dec. 18, 1971,
see section 3(f) of Pub. L. 92-208, set out as a note under section 98
of this title.
Effective Date of 1965 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 89-242 effective on first day of month
following Oct. 7, 1965, see section 6 of Pub. L. 89-242, set out as a
note under section 121 of this title.
Effective Date of 1962 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 87-562 effective 90 days after July 30, 1962,
see section 5 of Pub. L. 87-562, set out as a note under section 89 of
this title.
Effective Date of 1959 Amendment
Section 9 of Pub. L. 86-3 provided in part that the amendment of
this section and section 134 of this title is effective on admission of
the State of Hawaii into the Union. Admission of Hawaii into the Union
was accomplished Aug. 21, 1959, upon issuance of Proc. No. 3309, Aug.
21, 1959, 25 F.R. 6868, 73 Stat. 74, as required by sections 1 and 7(c)
of Pub. L. 86-3, Mar. 18, 1959, 73 Stat. 4, set out as notes preceding
section 491 of Title 48, Territories and Insular Possessions.
Effective Date of 1958 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 85-508 effective Jan. 3, 1959, on admission of
Alaska into the Union pursuant to Proc. No. 3269, Jan. 3, 1959, 24 F.R.
81, 73 Stat. 16, as required by sections 1 and 8(c) of Pub. L. 85-508,
see notes set out under section 81A of this title and preceding section
21 of Title 48, Territories and Insular Possessions.
Additional Judgeships
Pub. L. 107-273, div. A, title III, Sec. 312(a)(1), Nov. 2, 2002,
116 Stat. 1786, provided that: ``The President shall appoint, by and
with the advice and consent of the Senate--
``(A) 5 additional district judges for the southern district of
California;
``(B) 1 additional district judge for the western district of
North Carolina; and
``(C) 2 additional district judges for the western district of
Texas.''
Pub. L. 107-273, div. A, title III, Sec. 312(b)(1), Nov. 2, 2002,
116 Stat. 1787, provided that: ``The existing district judgeships for
the central district and the southern district of Illinois, the northern
district of New York, and the eastern district of Virginia authorized by
section 203(c)(3), (4), (9), and (12) of the Judicial Improvements Act
of 1990 (Public Law 101-650, 28 U.S.C. 133 note [set out below]) shall
be authorized under section 133 of title 28, United States Code, and the
incumbents in such offices shall hold the offices under section 133 of
title 28, United States Code (as amended by this section).''
Pub. L. 107-273, div. A, title III, Sec. 312(c), Nov. 2, 2002, 116
Stat. 1788, provided that:
``(c) Temporary Judgeships.--
``(1) In general.--The President shall appoint, by and with the
advice and consent of the Senate--
``(A) 1 additional district judge for the northern district
of Alabama;
``(B) 1 additional judge for the district of Arizona;
``(C) 1 additional judge for the central district of
California;
``(D) 1 additional judge for the southern district of
Florida;
``(E) 1 additional district judge for the district of New
Mexico;
``(F) 1 additional district judge for the western district
of North Carolina; and
``(G) 1 additional district judge for the eastern district
of Texas.
``(2) Vacancies not filled.--The first vacancy in the office of
district judge in each of the offices of district judge authorized
by this subsection, occurring 10 years or more after the
confirmation date of the judge named to fill the temporary district
judgeship created in the applicable district by this subsection,
shall not be filled.
``(3) Effective date.--This subsection shall take effect on July
15, 2003.''
Pub. L. 106-553, Sec. 1(a)(2) [title III, Sec. 305(a)], Dec. 21,
2000, 114 Stat. 2762, 2762A-84, provided that: ``The President shall
appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate--
``(1) 1 additional district judge for the district of Arizona;
``(2) 1 additional district judge for the southern district of
Florida;
``(3) 1 additional district judge for the eastern district of
Kentucky;
``(4) 1 additional district judge for the district of Nevada;
``(5) 1 additional district judge for the district of New
Mexico;
``(6) 1 additional district judge for the district of South
Carolina;
``(7) 1 additional district judge for the southern district of
Texas;
``(8) 1 additional district judge for the western district of
Texas;
``(9) 1 additional district judge for the eastern district of
Virginia; and
``(10) 1 additional district judge for the eastern district of
Wisconsin.''
Pub. L. 106-113, div. B, Sec. 1000(a)(1) [title III, Sec. 309(a)],
Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1535, 1501A-37, provided that: ``The President
shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate--
``(1) three additional district judges for the district of
Arizona;
``(2) four additional district judges for the middle district of
Florida; and
``(3) two additional district judges for the district of
Nevada.''
Section 203(a)-(c) of title II of Pub. L. 101-650, as amended by
Pub. L. 104-60, Sec. 1, Nov. 28, 1995, 109 Stat. 635; Pub. L. 104-317,
title III, Sec. 304, Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3852; Pub. L. 105-53,
Sec. 3, Oct. 6, 1997, 111 Stat. 1173; Pub. L. 107-273, div. A, title
III, Sec. 312(d)(1), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1788, provided that:
``(a) In General.--The President shall appoint, by and with the
advice and consent of the Senate--
``(1) 1 additional district judge for the western district of
Arkansas;
``(2) 2 additional district judges for the northern district of
California;
``(3) 5 additional district judges for the central district of
California;
``(4) 1 additional district judge for the southern district of
California;
``(5) 2 additional district judges for the district of
Connecticut;
``(6) 2 additional district judges for the middle district of
Florida;
``(7) 1 additional district judge for the northern district of
Florida;
``(8) 1 additional district judge for the southern district of
Florida;
``(9) 1 additional district judge for the middle district of
Georgia;
``(10) 1 additional district judge for the northern district of
Illinois;
``(11) 1 additional district judge for the southern district of
Iowa;
``(12) 1 additional district judge for the western district of
Louisiana;
``(13) 1 additional district judge for the district of Maine;
``(14) 1 additional district judge for the district of
Massachusetts;
``(15) 1 additional district judge for the southern district of
Mississippi;
``(16) 1 additional district judge for the eastern district of
Missouri;
``(17) 1 additional district judge for the district of New
Hampshire;
``(18) 3 additional district judges for the district of New
Jersey;
``(19) 1 additional district judge for the district of New
Mexico;
``(20) 1 additional district judge for the southern district of
New York;
``(21) 3 additional district judges for the eastern district of
New York;
``(22) 1 additional district judge for the middle district of
North Carolina;
``(23) 1 additional district judge for the southern district of
Ohio;
``(24) 1 additional district judge for the northern district of
Oklahoma;
``(25) 1 additional district judge for the western district of
Oklahoma;
``(26) 1 additional district judge for the district of Oregon;
``(27) 3 additional district judges for the eastern district of
Pennsylvania;
``(28) 1 additional district judge for the middle district of
Pennsylvania;
``(29) 1 additional district judge for the district of South
Carolina;
``(30) 1 additional district judge for the eastern district of
Tennessee;
``(31) 1 additional district judge for the western district of
Tennessee;
``(32) 1 additional district judge for the middle district of
Tennessee;
``(33) 2 additional district judges for the northern district of
Texas;
``(34) 1 additional district judge for the eastern district of
Texas;
``(35) 5 additional district judges for the southern district of
Texas;
``(36) 3 additional district judges for the western district of
Texas;
``(37) 1 additional district judge for the district of Utah;
``(38) 1 additional district judge for the eastern district of
Washington;
``(39) 1 additional district judge for the northern district of
West Virginia;
``(40) 1 additional district judge for the southern district of
West Virginia; and
``(41) 1 additional district judge for the district of Wyoming.
``(b) Existing Judgeships.--(1) The existing district judgeships for
the western district of Arkansas, the northern district of Illinois, the
northern district of Indiana, the district of Massachusetts, the western
district of New York, the eastern district of North Carolina, the
northern district of Ohio, and the western district of Washington
authorized by section 202(b) of the Bankruptcy Amendments and Federal
Judgeship Act of 1984 (Public Law 98-353, 98 Stat. 347-348) [set out
below] shall, as of the effective date of this title [Dec. 1, 1990], be
authorized under section 133 of title 28, United States Code, and the
incumbents in those offices shall hold the office under section 133 of
title 28, United States Code, as amended by this title.
``(2)(A) The existing 2 district judgeships for the eastern and
western districts of Arkansas (provided by section 133 of title 28,
United States Code, as in effect on the day before the effective date of
this title) shall be district judgeships for the eastern district of
Arkansas only, and the incumbents of such judgeships shall hold the
offices under section 133 of title 28, United States Code, as amended by
this title.
``(B) The existing district judgeship for the northern and southern
districts of Iowa (provided by section 133 of title 28, United States
Code, as in effect on the day before the effective date of this title)
shall be a district judgeship for the northern district of Iowa only,
and the incumbent of such judgeship shall hold the office under section
133 of title 28, United States Code, as amended by this title.
``(C) The existing district judgeship for the northern, eastern, and
western districts of Oklahoma (provided by section 133 of title 28,
United States Code, as in effect on the day before the effective date of
this title) and the occupant of which has his or her official duty
station at Oklahoma City on the date of the enactment of this title
[Dec. 1, 1990], shall be a district judgeship for the western district
of Oklahoma only, and the incumbent of such judgeship shall hold the
office under section 133 of title 28, United States Code, as amended by
this title.
``(c) Temporary Judgeships.--The President shall appoint, by and
with the advice and consent of the Senate--
``(1) 1 additional district judge for the eastern district of
California;
``(2) 1 additional district judge for the district of Hawaii;
``(3) 1 additional district judge for the central district of
Illinois;
``(4) 1 additional district judge for the southern district of
Illinois;
``(5) 1 additional district judge for the district of Kansas;
``(6) 1 additional district judge for the western district of
Michigan;
``(7) 1 additional district judge for the eastern district of
Missouri;
``(8) 1 additional district judge for the district of Nebraska;
``(9) 1 additional district judge for the northern district of
New York;
``(10) 1 additional district judge for the northern district of
Ohio;
``(11) 1 additional district judge for the eastern district of
Pennsylvania; and
``(12) 1 additional district judge for the eastern district of
Virginia.
Except with respect to the western district of Michigan, the eastern
district of Pennsylvania, and the northern district of Ohio, the first
vacancy in the office of district judge in each of the judicial
districts named in this subsection, occurring 10 years or more after the
confirmation date of the judge named to fill the temporary judgeship
created by this subsection, shall not be filled. The first vacancy in
the office of district judge in the western district of Michigan,
occurring after December 1, 1995, shall not be filled. The first vacancy
in the office of district judge in the eastern district of Pennsylvania,
occurring 5 years or more after the confirmation date of the judge named
to fill the temporary judgeship created for such district under this
subsection, shall not be filled. The first vacancy in the office of
district judge in the northern district of Ohio occurring 15 years or
more after the confirmation date of the judge named to fill the
temporary judgeship created under this subsection shall not be filled.
For districts named in this subsection for which multiple judgeships are
created by this Act, the last of those judgeships filled shall be the
judgeships created under this section.''
[Pub. L. 107-273, div. A, title III, Sec. 312(d)(2), Nov. 2, 2002,
116 Stat. 1788, provided that: ``The amendments made by this subsection
[amending section 203(c) of Pub. L. 101-650, set out above] shall take
effect on the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 2, 2002].'']
Section 202(a)-(d) of Pub. L. 98-353 provided that:
``(a) Subject to the provisions of subsection (c), the President
shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, one
additional district judge for the southern district of Alabama, one
additional district judge for the district of Alaska, five additional
district judges for the central district of California, one additional
district judge for the district of Colorado, one additional district
judge for the district of Connecticut, one additional district judge for
the district of Delaware, three additional district judges for the
southern district of Florida, one additional district judge for the
middle district of Georgia, one additional district judge for the
district of Hawaii, four additional district judges for the northern
district of Illinois, one additional district judge for the southern
district of Illinois, one additional district judge for the western
district of Kentucky, one additional district judge for the western
district of Louisiana, one additional district judge for the district of
Maryland, one additional district judge for the district of
Massachusetts, two additional district judges for the eastern district
of Michigan, one additional district judge for the district of
Minnesota, one additional district judge for the northern district of
Mississippi, two additional district judges for the southern district of
Mississippi, one additional district judge for the eastern district of
Missouri, one additional district judge for the district of Montana, one
additional district judge for the district of Nevada, three additional
district judges for the district of New Jersey, one additional district
judge for the northern district of New York, two additional district
judges for the eastern district of New York, one additional district
judge for the southern district of Ohio, one additional district judge
for the western district of Oklahoma, one additional district judge for
the district of Rhode Island, one additional district judge for the
eastern district of Tennessee, one additional district judge for the
western district of Tennessee, one additional district judge for the
northern district of Texas, two additional district judges for the
eastern district of Texas, one additional district judge for the western
district of Texas, one additional district judge for the district of
Utah, one additional district judge for the eastern district of
Virginia, one additional district judge for the eastern district of
Washington, one additional district judge for the western district of
Washington, and one additional district judge for the district of
Wyoming.
``(b) Subject to the provisions of subsection (c) the President
shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, one
additional district judge for the western district of Arkansas, one
additional district judge for the northern district of Illinois, one
additional district judge for the northern district of Indiana, one
additional district judge for the district of Massachusetts, one
additional district judge for the western district of New York, one
additional district judge for the eastern district of North Carolina,
one additional district judge for the northern district of Ohio, and one
additional district judge for the western district of Washington. The
first vacancy in each of the offices of district judge authorized by
this subsection, occurring five years or more after the effective date
of this Act [probably means July 10, 1984], shall not be filled.
``(c) For the judgeships created in subsections (a) and (b), the
President shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the
Senate, no more than twenty-nine of such judges prior to January 21,
1985.
``(d) The existing district judgeship for the district of Minnesota
and the existing district judgeship for the northern district of Ohio,
heretofore authorized by section 2 of the Act of October 20, 1978
(Public Law 95-486, 92 Stat. 1631) [set out below], shall, as of the
effective date of this Act [probably means July 10, 1984], be authorized
under section 133 of title 28, United States Code, and the incumbents of
those offices shall henceforth hold their offices under section 133, as
amended by this Act.''
Section 1(a) of Pub. L. 95-486 provided that: ``The President shall
appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, three
additional district judges for the northern district of Alabama, one
additional district judge for the middle district of Alabama, three
additional district judges for the district of Arizona, two additional
district judges for the eastern district of Arkansas, one additional
district judge for the northern district of California, three additional
district judges for the eastern district of California, one additional
district judge for the central district of California, two additional
district judges for the southern district of California, two additional
district judges for the district of Colorado, one additional district
judge for the district of Connecticut, one additional district judge for
the northern district of Florida, three additional district judges for
the middle district of Florida, five additional district judges for the
southern district of Florida, five additional district judges for the
northern district of Georgia, one additional district judge for the
southern district of Georgia, three additional district judges for the
northern district of Illinois, one additional district judge for the
central district of Illinois, one additional district judge for the
northern district of Indiana, one additional district judge for the
southern district of Indiana, one additional district judge for the
southern district of Iowa, one additional district judge for the
district of Kansas, two additional district judges for the eastern
district of Kentucky, four additional district judges for the eastern
district of Louisiana, one additional district judge for the middle
district of Louisiana, one additional district judge for the western
district of Louisiana, one additional district judge for the district of
Maine, two additional district judges for the district of Maryland, four
additional district judges for the district of Massachusetts, three
additional district judges for the eastern district of Michigan, two
additional district judges for the western district of Michigan, one
additional district judge for the district of Minnesota, one additional
district judge for the eastern district of Missouri, two additional
district judges for the western district of Missouri, one additional
district judge for the district of Nevada, one additional district judge
for the district of New Hampshire, two additional district judges for
the district of New Jersey, one additional district judge for the
district of New Mexico, one additional district judge for the northern
district of New York, one additional district judge for the eastern
district of New York, one additional district judge for the eastern
district of North Carolina, one additional district judge for the middle
district of North Carolina, one additional district judge for the
western district of North Carolina, one additional district judge for
the northern district of Ohio, one additional district judge for the
southern district of Ohio, one additional district judge for the western
district of Oklahoma, one additional district judge for the northern
district of Oklahoma, two additional district judges for the district of
Oregon, two additional district judges for the middle district of
Pennsylvania, four additional district judges for the district of Puerto
Rico, three additional district judges for the district of South
Carolina, one additional district judge for the district of South
Dakota, one additional district judge for the middle district of
Tennessee, three additional district judges for the northern district of
Texas, one additional district judge for the eastern district of Texas,
five additional district judges for the southern district of Texas, one
additional district judge for the western district of Texas, one
additional district judge for the district of Utah, two additional
district judges for the eastern district of Virginia, two additional
district judges for the western district of Virginia, one additional
district judge for the eastern district of Washington, one additional
district judge for the western district of Washington, one additional
district judge for the southern district of West Virginia, one
additional district judge for the eastern district of Wisconsin, and one
additional district judge for the western district of Wisconsin.''
Section 2 of Pub. L. 95-486 provided that: ``The President shall
appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, one
additional district judge for the eastern district of Kentucky, one
additional district judge for the district of Minnesota, one additional
district judge for the northern district of Ohio, and one additional
district judge for the southern district of West Virginia. The first
vacancy in the office of district judge in the judicial districts named
in this section occurring five years or more after the effective date of
this Act [Oct. 20, 1978] shall not be filled.''
Section 1(a) of Pub. L. 91-272 provided that: ``The President shall
appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, one
additional district judge for the northern district of Alabama, one
additional district judge for the middle district of Alabama, one
additional district judge for the district of Arizona, two additional
district judges for the northern district of California, three
additional district judges for the central district of California, three
additional district judges for the southern district of California, one
additional district judge for the district of Colorado, one additional
district judge for the middle district of Florida, two additional
district judges for the southern district of Florida, three additional
district judges for the northern district of Georgia, one additional
district judge for the southern district of Georgia, two additional
district judges for the northern district of Illinois, one additional
district judge for the eastern district of Kentucky, one additional
district judge for the western district of Kentucky, two additional
district judges for the eastern district of Louisiana, one additional
district judge for the western district of Louisiana, two additional
district judges for the district of Maryland, two additional district
judges for the eastern district of Michigan, one additional district
judge for the eastern district of Missouri, one additional district
judge for the district of Nebraska, one additional district judge for
the district of New Jersey, one additional district judge for the
district of New Mexico, one additional district judge for the eastern
district of New York, three additional district judges for the southern
district of New York, one additional district judge for the northern
district of Ohio, one additional district judge for the southern
district of Ohio, six additional district judges for the eastern
district of Pennsylvania, two additional district judges for the western
district of Pennsylvania, one additional district judge for the district
of Puerto Rico, one additional district judge for the district of South
Carolina, one additional district judge for the western district of
Tennessee, one additional district judge for the northern district of
Texas, one additional district judge for the eastern district of Texas,
one additional district judge for the southern district of Texas, one
additional district judge for the western district of Texas, one
additional district judge for the eastern district of Virginia, and one
additional district judge for the southern district of West Virginia.''
Section 2(a) of Pub. L. 89-372 provided that: The President shall
appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, one district
judge for the middle and southern districts of Alabama, one additional
district judge for the district of Arizona, one additional district
judge for the northern district of Florida, one additional district
judge for the middle district of Florida, two additional district judges
for the southern district of Florida, one additional district judge for
the northern district of Illinois, one additional district judge for the
southern district of Indiana, four additional district judges for the
eastern district of Louisiana, one additional district judge for the
district of Maryland, one additional district judge for the northern
district of Mississippi, one additional district judge for the southern
district of Mississippi, one additional district judge for the western
district of New York, one additional district judge for the northern
district of Ohio, one additional district judge for the southern
district of Ohio, one additional district judge for the district of
Rhode Island, two additional district judges for the southern district
of Texas, one additional district judge for the western district of
Texas, two additional district judges for the eastern district of
Virginia, and one additional district judge for the district of
Vermont.''
Section 2(a) of Pub. L. 87-36 provided that: ``The President shall
appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, one
additional district judge for the northern district of Alabama, one
additional district judge for the district of Alaska, one additional
district judge for the district of Arizona, one additional district
judge for the eastern and western districts of Arkansas, two additional
district judges for the northern district of California, two additional
district judges for the southern district of California, one additional
district judge for the district of Colorado, two additional district
judges for the district of Connecticut, two additional district judges
for the southern district of Florida, one additional district judge for
the northern district of Georgia, two additional district judges for the
northern district of Illinois, one additional district judge for the
northern district of Indiana, one additional district judge for the
southern district of Indiana, one additional district judge for the
northern and southern districts of Iowa, one additional district judge
for the district of Kansas, two additional district judges for the
eastern district of Louisiana, one additional district judge for the
western district of Louisiana, two additional district judges for the
district of Maryland, one additional district judge for the district of
Massachusetts, two additional district judges for the eastern district
of Michigan, one additional district judge for the southern district of
Mississippi, one additional district judge for the western district of
Missouri, one additional district judge for the district of Nevada, one
additional district judge for the district of New Jersey, two additional
district judges for the eastern district of New York, six additional
district judges for the southern district of New York, one additional
district judge for the eastern district of North Carolina, one
additional district judge for the middle district of North Carolina, one
additional district judge for the western district of North Carolina,
one additional district judge for the northern district of Ohio, one
additional district judge for the northern, eastern, and western
districts of Oklahoma, three additional district judges for the eastern
district of Pennsylvania, one additional district judge for the middle
district of Pennsylvania, two additional district judges for the western
district of Pennsylvania, one additional district judge for the district
of Puerto Rico, one additional district judge for the eastern and
western districts of South Carolina, one additional district judge for
the eastern district of Tennessee, one additional district judge for the
middle district of Tennessee, one additional district judge for the
western district of Tennessee, two additional district judges for the
northern district of Texas, one additional district judge for the
southern district of Texas, one additional district judge for the
western district of Texas and one additional district judge for the
eastern and western districts of Washington.''
Subsec. (a)(1) of section 2 of act Feb. 10, 1954, subsec. (a)(3) of
which section amended the table in this section, provided for the
appointment by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the
Senate, of the additional judges for the districts for which additional
permanent judgeships were provided in the amendment.
Alabama.--Section 1(b) of Pub. L. 91-272 provided that: ``The
existing district judgeship for the middle and southern districts of
Alabama, heretofore provided for by section 133 of title 28 of the
United States Code, shall hereafter be a district judgeship for the
southern district of Alabama only, and the present incumbent of such
judgeship shall henceforth hold his office under such section 133, as
amended by subsection (d) of this section.''
California.--Section 3(h) of Pub. L. 89-372 provided that: ``The
President shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the
Senate, three additional district judges for the central district of
California, and two additional district judges for the northern district
of California.''
Delaware.--Act July 24, 1946, ch. 602, 60 Stat. 654, which
authorized the appointment of an additional judge for the district of
Delaware was repealed by section 2 of act Sept. 5, 1950, which by
section 1 of act Sept. 5, 1950, made the additional judgeship permanent.
However, section 2 of act Sept. 5, 1950 also provided that the repeal in
no way affected the tenure of the present incumbent.
Florida.--Section 2(b) of Pub. L. 89-372 provided that: ``The
existing district judgeship for the northern, middle and southern
districts of Florida heretofore provided for by section 133 of title 28,
United States Code, shall hereafter be a district judgeship for the
middle district of Florida only, and the present incumbent of such
judgeship shall henceforth hold his office under section 133, as amended
by this Act.''
Georgia.--Act Mar. 29, 1949, ch. 37, 63 Stat. 16, which authorized
the appointment of an additional judge for the middle district, was
repealed by section 2(b) of Pub. L. 87-36, which made the judgeship
permanent and also provided that the incumbent of the judgeship created
by act Mar. 29, 1949, should henceforth hold his office under this
section, as amended by Pub. L. 87-36, Sec. 2(d).
Kansas.--Section 5(a) of Pub. L. 89-372, Mar. 18, 1966, 80 Stat. 78,
which authorized the appointment of an additional district judge for the
eastern district of Kansas and which provided that the first vacancy
which occurred in the office of district judge in such district not be
filled was repealed by section 1(c) of Pub. L. 91-272, June 2, 1970, 84
Stat. 294, which provided, in part, that such judgeship be a permanent
judgeship and that the present incumbent henceforth hold his office
under this section, as amended by section 1(d) of Pub. L. 91-272.
Missouri.--The additional judgeship for the eastern and western
districts, which was authorized by act Dec. 24, 1942, ch. 827, 56 Stat.
1083, was made permanent by section 2(a)(2) of act Feb. 10, 1954, which
by section 2(b)(10) of act Feb. 10, 1954 provided that the incumbent of
the judgeship created by act Dec. 24, 1942, should henceforth hold his
office under this section, as amended by act Feb. 10, 1954,
Sec. 2(a)(3).
Nevada.--Section 2(b)(2) of act Feb. 10, 1954, provided: ``The
President shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the
Senate, one additional district judge for the district of Nevada. The
first vacancy occurring in the office of district judge in said district
shall not be filled.''
New Jersey.--Section 2(a) of Pub. L. 91-272 provided that: ``The
President shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the
Senate, one additional district judge for the district of New Jersey.
The first vacancy occurring in the office of district judge in that
district shall not be filled.''
New Mexico.--Act Feb. 10, 1954, ch. 6, Sec. 2(b)(1), 68 Stat. 10,
which authorized the appointment of an additional judge for the
district, was repealed by section 2(b) of Pub. L. 87-36, which made the
judgeship permanent and also provided that the incumbent of the
judgeship created by act Feb. 10, 1954, should henceforth hold his
office under this section, as amended by Pub. L. 87-36, Sec. 2(d).
North Carolina.--Section 2(c) of Pub. L. 91-272 provided that: ``The
President shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the
Senate, one additional district judge for the eastern district of North
Carolina. The first vacancy occurring in the office of district judge in
that district shall not be filled.''
Ohio.--Act May 1, 1941, ch. 83, 55 Stat. 148, which provided for the
appointment of an additional judge for the northern district was
repealed by section 2(e) of act Aug. 3, 1949, which also provided that
the incumbent of the judgeship created by act May 1, 1941, should
henceforth hold his office under this section, as amended by act Aug. 3,
1949, Sec. 2(a).
Section 2(e)(1), (2) of Pub. L. 87-36 provided that:
``(1) The President shall appoint, by and with the advice and
consent of the Senate, one additional district judge for the southern
district of Ohio. The first vacancy occurring in the office of district
judge in said district shall not be filled.
``(2) The President shall appoint, by and with the advice and
consent of the Senate, one additional district judge for the northern
district of Ohio. The first vacancy occurring in the office of district
judge in said district shall not be filled.''
Oklahoma.--Act May 24, 1940, ch. 209, Sec. 2(a), 54 Stat. 219,
providing for additional judgeships was amended by section 2(b) of act
Aug. 3, 1949, to strike out ``western district of Oklahoma'', and to
make the incumbent of the judgeship created by act May 24, 1940,
henceforth hold his office under this section, as amended by act Aug. 3,
1949, Sec. 2(a).
Pennsylvania.--Section 2(b) of Pub. L. 91-272 provided that: ``The
President shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the
Senate, one additional district judge for the middle district of
Pennsylvania. The first vacancy occurring in the office of district
judge in that district shall not be filled.''
Section 5(b) of Pub. L. 89-372, Mar. 18, 1966, 80 Stat. 78, as
amended by Pub. L. 90-90, Sept. 23, 1967, 81 Stat. 228, which authorized
the appointment of three additional district judges for the eastern
district of Pennsylvania and which provided that the second, third, and
fourth vacancies occurring after Mar. 18, 1966, in the office of
district judge in such district not be filled was repealed by section
1(c) of Pub. L. 91-272, June 2, 1970, 84 Stat. 294, which provided, in
part, that such judgeships be permanent judgeships and that the present
incumbents henceforth hold their offices under this section, as amended
by section 1(d) of Pub. L. 81-272.
Act Feb. 10, 1954, ch. 6, Sec. 2(b)(5), 68 Stat. 10, which
authorized the appointment of an additional judge for the western
district, was repealed by section 2(b) of Pub. L. 87-36, which made the
judgeship permanent and also provided that the incumbent of the
judgeship created by act Feb. 10, 1954, should henceforth hold his
office under this section, as amended by Pub. L. 87-36, Sec. 2(d).
Section 2 of act July 24, 1946, ch. 600, 60 Stat. 654, as amended by
section 6 of act Feb. 10, 1954, ch. 6, 68 Stat. 14, provided: ``The
President is authorized to appoint, by and with the advice and consent
of the Senate, one additional United States district judge, who shall be
an additional district judge for the eastern, middle, and western
districts of Pennsylvania. The judge so appointed shall at the time of
his appointment be a resident and a citizen of the State of
Pennsylvania: Provided, That when a vacancy occurs in said office it
shall not be filled: Provided further, That unless the President shall
submit a nomination to the Senate to fill the office hereby created
within ninety days after the effective date of this Act [July 24, 1946],
then in that event this Act shall be of no force and effect. If a
vacancy arises in the office of district judge for the middle district
of Pennsylvania while the judge appointed pursuant to this section is
holding the office created by this section, such judge shall thereafter
be a district judge for the middle district of Pennsylvania.''
Section 2(c) of act Aug. 3, 1949, which provided for an additional
temporary judgeship for the western district of Pennsylvania was
repealed by section 2 of act Aug. 29, 1950, which by section 1 of act
Aug. 29, 1950, made the additional judgeship permanent. However, section
2 of act Aug. 29, 1950 also provided that the repeal in no way affected
the tenure of the present incumbent.
South Carolina.--Section 1(b) of Pub. L. 89-242 provided that: ``The
existing district judgeships for the Eastern District of South Carolina,
the Western District of South Carolina, and the Eastern and Western
Districts of South Carolina heretofore provided for by section 133 of
title 28 of the United States Code [this section] shall hereafter be
district judgeships for the District of South Carolina and the present
incumbents of such judgeships shall henceforth hold their offices under
section 133, as amended by this Act.''
South Dakota.--Pub. L. 85-310 provided: ``The President is
authorized to appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate
an additional district judge for the district of South Dakota as
authorized by paragraph (3) of section 2(b) of the act of February 10,
1954 [set out as a note below].''
Section 2(b)(3) of act February 10, 1954, as amended by Pub. L. 85-
310, provided: ``The President shall appoint, by and with the advice and
consent of the Senate, one additional district judge for the district of
South Dakota.''
Tennessee.--Section 2(b)(4) of act Feb. 10, 1954, provided: ``The
President shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the
Senate, one additional district judge for the middle district of
Tennessee. The first vacancy occurring in the office of district judge
in said district shall not be filled.''
Texas.--Act Aug. 3, 1949, ch. 387, Sec. 2(d), 63 Stat. 495, which
authorized the appointment of an additional judge for the Southern
district, was repealed by section 2(b)(11) of act Feb. 10, 1954, which
by section 2(a)(2) of act Feb. 10, 1954, made the additional judgeship
permanent. Section 2(b)(11) of act Feb. 10, 1954 also provided that the
incumbent of the judgeship created by section 2(d) of act Aug. 3, 1949,
should henceforth hold his office under this section, as amended by act
Feb. 10, 1954, Sec. 2(a)(3).
Utah.--Act Feb. 10, 1954, ch. 6, Sec. 2(b)(6), 68 Stat. 11, which
authorized the appointment of an additional judge for the district, was
repealed by section 2(b) of Pub. L. 87-36, which made the judgeship
permanent and also provided that the incumbent of the judgeship created
by act Feb. 10, 1954, should hence forth hold his office under this
section, as amended by Pub. L. 87-36, Sec. 2(d).
Virgin Islands.--Section 3(a) of Pub. L. 91-272 provided that: ``The
President shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the
Senate, one additional judge for the District Court of the Virgin
Islands, who shall hold office for the term of eight years and until his
successor is chosen and qualified, unless sooner removed by the
President for cause.''
Washington.--Section 1(b) of Pub. L. 95-486 provided that: ``The
existing district judgeship for the eastern and western districts of
Washington, heretofore provided for by section 133 of title 28 of the
United States Code, shall hereafter be a district judgeship for the
western district of Washington only, and the present incumbent of such
judgeship shall henceforth hold his office under section 133, as amended
by this Act.''
Section 2(c) of Pub. L. 87-36 provided that: ``The existing district
judgeship for the eastern and western districts of Washington,
heretofore provided for by section 133 of title 28 of the United States
Code, shall hereafter be a district judgeship for the western district
of Washington only, and the present incumbent of such judgeship shall
henceforth hold his office under section 133, as amended by this Act
[Pub. L. 87-36].''
West Virginia.--Section 2 of Pub. L. 97-471 provided that:
``(a) The existing district judgeship for the Southern District of
West Virginia, authorized by section 2 of the Act entitled `An Act to
provide for the appointment of additional district and circuit judges
and for other purposes', approved October 20, 1978 [Pub. L. 95-486] (92
Stat. 1632; 28 U.S.C. 133 note), shall, as of the date of enactment of
this Act [Jan. 14, 1983], be authorized under section 133 of title 28 of
the United States Code as a district judgeship for the Northern District
of West Virginia, and the incumbent of that office shall henceforth hold
office under section 133, as amended by this Act.
``(b) The existing district judgeship for the Northern and Southern
Districts of West Virginia shall be authorized as the district judgeship
for the Southern District.''
The additional judgeship for the northern and southern districts,
which was authorized by act June 22, 1936, ch. 695, 49 Stat. 1805, was
made permanent by section 2(a)(2) of act Feb. 10, 1954, which by section
2(b)(12) of act Feb. 10, 1954, provided that the incumbent of the
judgeship created by act June 22, 1936, should henceforth hold his
office under this section, as amended by act Feb. 10, 1954,
Sec. 2(a)(3).
Wisconsin.--Section 5(c) of Pub. L. 89-372, Mar. 18, 1966, 80 Stat.
78, which authorized the appointment of an additional district judge for
the district of Wisconsin and which provided that the first vacancy
occurring in the office of district judge in such district not be filled
was repealed by section 1(c) of Pub. L. 91-272, June 2, 1970, 84 Stat.
294, which provided, in part, that such judgeship be a permanent
judgeship and that the present incumbent henceforth hold his office
under this section, as amended by section 1(d) of Pub. L. 91-272.
Nomination of Women and Blacks to Federal Judgeships
Section 8 of Pub. L. 95-486 provided that: ``The Congress--
``(1) takes notice of the fact that only 1 percent of Federal
judges are women and only 4 percent are blacks; and
``(2) suggests that the President, in selecting individuals for
nomination to the Federal judgeships created by this Act [for
classification see Effective Date of 1978 Amendment note above],
give due consideration to qualified individuals regardless of race,
color, sex, religion, or national origin.''
Residence of Additional Judge for Kansas
Section 2(b)(2) act Aug. 3, 1949, provided that: ``The judge first
appointed for the district of Kansas under the authority contained in
subsection (a) [amending this section] shall reside at Wichita.''
Executive Order No. 12084
Ex. Ord. No. 12084, Sept. 27, 1978, 43 F.R. 44815, as amended by Ex.
Ord. No. 12097, Nov. 8, 1978, 43 F.R. 52455, which established the
Judicial Nominating Commission for the District of Puerto Rico and
provided for its membership, functions, etc., was revoked by Ex. Ord.
No. 12305, May 5, 1981, 46 F.R. 25421, set out as a note under section
14 of the Federal Advisory Committee Act in the Appendix to Title 5,
Government Organization and Employees.
Executive Order No. 12097
Ex. Ord. No. 12097, Nov. 8, 1978, 43 F.R. 52455, which provided
standards and guidelines for the selection of nominees for United States
district court judgeships, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 12553, Feb. 25,
1986, 51 F.R. 7237.
