37 C.F.R. PART 10—REPRESENTATION OF OTHERS BEFORE THE PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
Title 37 - Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights
Authority: 5 U.S.C. 500, 15 U.S.C. 1123; 35 U.S.C. 2(b)(2), 31, 32, 41.
Source: 50 FR 5172, Feb. 6, 1985, unless otherwise noted.
This part governs solely the practice of patent, trademark, and other law before the Patent and Trademark Office. Nothing in this part shall be construed to preempt the authority of each State to regulate the practice of law, except to the extent necessary for the Patent and Trademark Office to accomplish its Federal objectives. Unless otherwise clear from the context, the following definitions apply to this part: (a) Affidavit means affidavit, declaration under 35 U.S.C. 25 (see §§1.68 and 2.20 of this subchapter), or statutory declaration under 28 U.S.C. 1746. (b) Application includes an application for a design, plant, or utility patent, an application to reissue any patent, and an application to register a trademark. (c) Attorney or lawyer means an individual who is a member in good standing of the bar of any United States court or the highest court of any State. A “non-lawyer” is a person who is not an attorney or lawyer. (d) Canon is defined in §10.20(a). (e) Confidence is defined in §10.57(a). (f) Differing interests include every interest that may adversely affect either the judgment or the loyalty of a practitioner to a client, whether it be a conflicting, inconsistent, diverse, or other interest. (g) Director means the Director of Enrollment and Discipline. (h) Disciplinary Rule is defined in §10.20(b). (i) Employee of a tribunal includes all employees of courts, the Office, and other adjudicatory bodies. (j) Giving information within the meaning of §10.23(c)(2) includes making (1) a written statement or representation or (2) an oral statement or representation. (k) Law firm includes a professional legal corporation or a partnership. (l) Legal counsel means practitioner. (m) Legal profession includes the individuals who are lawfully engaged in practice of patent, trademark, and other law before the Office. (n) Legal service means any legal service which may lawfully be performed by a practitioner before the Office. (o) Legal System includes the Office and courts and adjudicatory bodies which review matters on which the Office has acted. (p) Office means Patent and Trademark Office. (q) Person includes a corporation, an association, a trust, a partnership, and any other organization or legal entity. (r) Practitioner means (1) an attorney or agent registered to practice before the Office in patent cases or (2) an individual authorized under 5 U.S.C. 500(b) or otherwise as provided by this subchapter, to practice before the Office in trademark cases or other non-patent cases. A “suspended or excluded practitioner” is a practitioner who is suspended or excluded under §10.156. A “non-practitioner” is an individual who is not a practitioner. (s) A proceeding before the Office includes an application, a reexamination, a protest, a public use proceeding, a patent interference, an inter partes trademark proceeding, or any other proceeding which is pending before the Office. (t) Professional legal corporation means a corporation authorized by law to practice law for profit. (u) Registration means registration to practice before the Office in patent cases. (v) Respondent is defined in §10.134(a)(1). (w) Secret is defined in §10.57(a). (x) Solicit is defined in §10.33. (y) State includes the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and other Federal territories and possessions. (z) Tribunal includes courts, the Office, and other adjudicatory bodies. (aa) United States means the United States of America, its territories and possessions. (a) The Commissioner shall appoint a Committee on Discipline. The Committee on Discipline shall consist of at least three employees of the Office, none of whom reports directly or indirectly to the Director or the Solicitor. Each member of the Committee on Discipline shall be a member in good standing of the bar of a State. (b) The Committee on Discipline shall meet at the request of the Director and after reviewing evidence presented by the Director shall, by majority vote, determine whether there is probable cause to bring charges under §10.132 against a practitioner. When charges are brought against a practitioner, no member of the Committee on Discipline, employee under the direction of the Director, or associate solicitor or assistant solicitor in the Office of the Solicitor shall participate in rendering a decision on the charges. (c) No discovery shall be authorized of, and no member of the Committee on Discipline shall be required to testify about, deliberations of the Committee on Discipline. A letter may be addressed to any individual on the register, at the address of which separate notice was last received by the Director, for the purpose of ascertaining whether such individual desires to remain on the register. The name of any individual failing to reply and give any information requested by the Director within a time limit specified will be removed from the register and the names of individuals so removed will be published in theOfficial Gazette. The name of any individual so removed may be reinstated on the register as may be appropriate and upon payment of the fee set forth in §1.21(a)(3) of this subchapter. [69 FR 35452, June 24, 2004] (a) Attorneys. Any individual who is an attorney may represent others before the Office in trademark and other non-patent cases. An attorney is not required to apply for registration or recognition to practice before the Office in trademark and other non-patent cases. (b) Non-lawyers. Individuals who are not attorneys are not recognized to practice before the Office in trademark and other non-patent cases, except that individuals not attorneys who were recognized to practice before the Office in trademark cases under this chapter prior to January 1, 1957, will be recognized as agents to continue practice before the Office in trademark cases. (c) Foreigners. Any foreign attorney or agent not a resident of the United States who shall prove to the satisfaction of the Director that he or she is registered or in good standing before the patent or trademark office of the country in which he or she resides and practices, may be recognized for the limited purpose of representing parties located in such country before the Office in the presentation and prosecution of trademark cases, provided: The patent or trademark office of such country allows substantially reciprocal privileges to those permitted to practice in trademark cases before the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Recognition under this paragraph shall continue only during the period that the conditions specified in this paragraph obtain. (d) Recognition of any individual under this section shall not be construed as sanctioning or authorizing the performance of any act regarded in the jurisdiction where performed as the unauthorized practice of law. (e) No individual other than those specified in paragraphs (a), (b), and (c) of this section will be permitted to practice before the Office in trademark cases. Any individual may appear in a trademark or other non-patent case in his or her own behalf. Any individual may appear in a trademark case for (1) a firm of which he or she is a member or (2) a corporation or association of which he or she is an officer and which he or she is authorized to represent, if such firm, corporation, or association is a party to a trademark proceeding pending before the Office. Any practitioner authorized to appear before the Office may be suspended or excluded in accordance with the provisions of this part. Any practitioner who is suspended or excluded under this subpart or removed under §10.11(b) shall not be entitled to practice before the Office. (a) For all documents filed in the Office in patent, trademark, and other non-patent matters, except for correspondence that is required to be signed by the applicant or party, each piece of correspondence filed by a practitioner in the Patent and Trademark Office must bear a signature by such practitioner complying with the provisions of §1.4(d), §1.4(e), or §2.193(c)(1) of this chapter. (b) By presenting to the Office (whether by signing, filing, submitting, or later advocating) any paper, the party presenting such paper, whether a practitioner or non-practitioner, is certifying that— (1) All statements made therein of the party's own knowledge are true, all statements made therein on information and belief are believed to be true, and all statements made therein are made with the knowledge that whoever, in any matter within the jurisdiction of the Patent and Trademark Office, knowingly and willfully falsifies, conceals, or covers up by any trick, scheme, or device a material fact, or makes any false, fictitious or fraudulent statements or representations, or makes or uses any false writing or document knowing the same to contain any false, fictitious or fraudulent statement or entry, shall be subject to the penalties set forth under 18 U.S.C. 1001, and that violations of this paragraph may jeopardize the validity of the application or document, or the validity or enforceability of any patent, trademark registration, or certificate resulting therefrom; and (2) To the best of the party's knowledge, information and belief, formed after an inquiry reasonable under the circumstances, that— (i) The paper is not being presented for any improper purpose, such as to harass someone or to cause unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of prosecution before the Office; (ii) The claims and other legal contentions therein are warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law or the establishment of new law; (iii) The allegations and other factual contentions have evidentiary support or, if specifically so identified, are likely to have evidentiary support after a reasonable opportunity for further investigation or discovery; and (iv) The denials of factual contentions are warranted on the evidence, or if specifically so identified, are reasonably based on a lack of information or belief. (c) Violations of paragraph (b)(1) of this section by a practitioner or non-practitioner may jeopardize the validity of the application or document, or the validity or enforceability of any patent, trademark registration, or certificate resulting therefrom. Violations of any of paragraphs (b)(2) (i) through (iv) of this section are, after notice and reasonable opportunity to respond, subject to such sanctions as deemed appropriate by the Commissioner, or the Commissioner's designee, which may include, but are not limited to, any combination of— (1) Holding certain facts to have been established; (2) Returning papers; (3) Precluding a party from filing a paper, or presenting or contesting an issue; (4) Imposing a monetary sanction; (5) Requiring a terminal disclaimer for the period of the delay; or (6) Terminating the proceedings in the Patent and Trademark Office. (d) Any practitioner violating the provisions of this section may also be subject to disciplinary action. See §10.23(c)(15). [62 FR 53206, Oct. 10, 1997, as amended at 69 FR 56546, Sept. 21, 2004] (a) Canons are set out in §§10.21, 10.30, 10.46, 10.56, 10.61, 10.76, 10.83, 10.100, and 10.110. Canons are statements of axiomatic norms, expressing in general terms the standards of professional conduct expected of practitioners in their relationships with the public, with the legal system, and with the legal profession. (b) Disciplinary Rules are set out in §§10.22–10.24, 10.31–10.40, 10.47–10.57, 10.62–10.68, 10.77, 10.78, 10.84, 10.85, 10.87–10.89, 10.92, 10.93, 10.101–10.103, 10.111, and 10.112. Disciplinary Rules are mandatory in character and state the minimum level of conduct below which no practitioner can fall without being subjected to disciplinary action. A practitioner should assist in maintaining the integrity and competence of the legal profession. (a) A practitioner is subject to discipline if the practitioner has made a materially false statement in, or if the practitioner has deliberately failed to disclose a material fact requested in connection with, the practitioner's application for registration or membership in the bar of any United States court or any State court or his or her authority to otherwise practice before the Office in trademark and other non-patent cases. (b) A practitioner shall not further the application for registration or membership in the bar of any United States court, State court, or administrative agency of another person known by the practitioner to be unqualified in respect to character, education, or other relevant attribute. (a) A practitioner shall not engage in disreputable or gross misconduct. (b) A practitioner shall not: (1) Violate a Disciplinary Rule. (2) Circumvent a Disciplinary Rule through actions of another. (3) Engage in illegal conduct involving moral turpitude. (4) Engage in conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation. (5) Engage in conduct that is prejudicial to the administration of justice. (6) Engage in any other conduct that adversely reflects on the practitioner's fitness to practice before the Office. (c) Conduct which constitutes a violation of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section includes, but is not limited to: (1) Conviction of a criminal offense involving moral turpitude, dishonesty, or breach of trust. (2) Knowingly giving false or misleading information or knowingly participating in a material way in giving false or misleading information, to: (i) A client in connection with any immediate, prospective, or pending business before the Office. (ii) The Office or any employee of the Office. (3) Misappropriation of, or failure to properly or timely remit, funds received by a practitioner or the practitioner's firm from a client to pay a fee which the client is required by law to pay to the Office. (4) Directly or indirectly improperly influencing, attempting to improperly influence, offering or agreeing to improperly influence, or attempting to offer or agree to improperly influence an official action of any employee of the Office by: (i) Use of threats, false accusations, duress, or coercion, (ii) An offer of any special inducement or promise of advantage, or (iii) Improperly bestowing of any gift, favor, or thing of value. (5) Suspension or disbarment from practice as an attorney or agent on ethical grounds by any duly constituted authority of a State or the United States or, in the case of a practitioner who resides in a foreign country or is registered under §10.6(c), by any duly constituted authority of: (i) A State, (ii) The United States, or (iii) The country in which the practitioner resides. (6) Knowingly aiding or abetting a practitioner suspended or excluded from practice before the Office in engaging in unauthorized practice before the Office under §10.158. (7) Knowingly withholding from the Office information identifying a patent or patent application of another from which one or more claims have been copied. See §41.202(a)(1) of this title. (8) Failing to inform a client or former client or failing to timely notify the Office of an inability to notify a client or former client of correspondence received from the Office or the client's or former client's opponent in an inter partes proceeding before the Office when the correspondence (i) could have a significant effect on a matter pending before the Office, (ii) is received by the practitioner on behalf of a client or former client and (iii) is correspondence of which a reasonable practitioner would believe under the circumstances the client or former client should be notified. (9) Knowingly misusing a “Certificate of Mailing or Transmission” under §1.8 of this chapter. (10) Knowingly violating or causing to be violated the requirements of §1.56 or §1.555 of this subchapter. (11) Except as permitted by §1.52(c) of this chapter, knowingly filing or causing to be filed an application containing any material alteration made in the application papers after the signing of the accompanying oath or declaration without identifying the alteration at the time of filing the application papers. (12) Knowingly filing, or causing to be filed, a frivolous complaint alleging a violation by a practitioner of the Patent and Trademark Office Code of Professional Responsibility. (13) Knowingly preparing or prosecuting or providing assistance in the preparation or prosecution of a patent application in violation of an undertaking signed under §10.10(b). (14) Knowingly failing to advise the Director in writing of any change which would preclude continued registration under §10.6. (15) Signing a paper filed in the Office in violation of the provisions of §10.18 or making a scandalous or indecent statement in a paper filed in the Office. (16) Willfully refusing to reveal or report knowledge or evidence to the Director contrary to §10.24 or paragraph (b) of §10.131. (17) Representing before the Office in a patent case either a joint venture comprising an inventor and an invention developer or an inventor referred to the registered practitioner by an invention developer when (i) the registered practitioner knows, or has been advised by the Office, that a formal complaint filed by a Federal or State agency, based on any violation of any law relating to securities, unfair methods of competition, unfair or deceptive acts or practices, mail fraud, or other civil or criminal conduct, is pending before a Federal or State court or Federal or State agency, or has been resolved unfavorably by such court or agency, against the invention developer in connection with invention development services and (ii) the registered practitioner fails to fully advise the inventor of the existence of the pending complaint or unfavorable resolution thereof prior to undertaking or continuing representation of the joint venture or inventor. “Invention developer” means any person, and any agent, employee, officer, partner, or independent contractor thereof, who is not a registered practitioner and who advertises invention development services in media of general circulation or who enters into contracts for invention development services with customers as a result of such advertisement. “Invention development services” means acts of invention development required or promised to be performed, or actually performed, or both, by an invention developer for a customer. “Invention development” means the evaluation, perfection, marketing, brokering, or promotion of an invention on behalf of a customer by an invention developer, including a patent search, preparation of a patent application, or any other act done by an invention developer for consideration toward the end of procuring or attempting to procure a license, buyer, or patent for an invention. “Customer” means any individual who has made an invention and who enters into a contract for invention development services with an invention developer with respect to the invention by which the inventor becomes obligated to pay the invention developer less than $5,000 (not to include any additional sums which the invention developer is to receive as a result of successful development of the invention). “Contract for invention development services” means a contract for invention development services with an invention developer with respect to an invention made by a customer by which the inventor becomes obligated to pay the invention developer less than $5,000 (not to include any additional sums which the invention developer is to receive as a result of successful development of the invention). (18) In the absence of information sufficient to establish a reasonable belief that fraud or inequitable conduct has occurred, alleging before a tribunal that anyone has committed a fraud on the Office or engaged in inequitable conduct in a proceeding before the Office. (19) Action by an employee of the Office contrary to the provisions set forth in §10.10(c). (20) Knowing practice by a Government employee contrary to applicable Federal conflict of interest laws, or regulations of the Department, agency or commission employing said individual. (d) A practitioner who acts with reckless indifference to whether a representation is true or false is chargeable with knowledge of its falsity. Deceitful statements of half-truths or concealment of material facts shall be deemed actual fraud within the meaning of this part. [50 FR 5172, Feb. 6, 1985; 50 FR 25073, June 17, 1985; 50 FR 25980, June 24, 1985, as amended at 53 FR 38950, Oct. 4, 1988; 53 FR 41278, Oct. 20, 1988; 57 FR 2036, Jan. 17, 1992; 58 FR 54504, Oct. 22, 1993; 61 FR 56448, Nov. 1, 1996; 62 FR 53206, Oct. 10, 1997; 65 FR 54683, Sept. 8, 2000; 69 FR 50003, Aug. 12, 2004] (a) A practitioner possessing unprivileged knowledge of a violation of a Disciplinary Rule shall report such knowledge to the Director. (b) A practitioner possessing unprivileged knowledge or evidence concerning another practitioner, employee of the Office, or a judge shall reveal fully such knowledge or evidence upon proper request of a tribunal or other authority empowered to investigate or act upon the conduct of practitioners, employees of the Office, or judges. A practitioner should assist the legal profession in fulfilling its duty to make legal counsel available. (a) No practitioner shall with respect to any prospective business before the Office, by word, circular, letter, or advertising, with intent to defraud in any manner, deceive, mislead, or threaten any prospective applicant or other person having immediate or prospective business before the Office. (b) A practitioner may not use the name of a Member of either House of Congress or of an individual in the service of the United States in advertising the practitioner's practice before the Office. (c) Unless authorized under §10.14(b), a non-lawyer practitioner shall not hold himself or herself out as authorized to practice before the Office in trademark cases. (d) Unless a practitioner is an attorney, the practitioner shall not hold himself or herself out: (1) To be an attorney or lawyer or (2) As authorized to practice before the Office in non-patent and trademark cases. (a) Subject to §10.31, a practitioner may advertise services through public media, including a telephone directory, legal directory, newspaper, or other periodical, radio, or television, or through written communications not involving solicitation as defined by §10.33. (b) A practitioner shall not give anything of value to a person for recommending the practitioner's services, except that a practitioner may pay the reasonable cost of advertising or written communication permitted by this section and may pay the usual charges of a not-for-profit lawyer referral service or other legal service organization. (c) Any communication made pursuant to this section shall include the name of at least one practitioner responsible for its content. A practitioner may not solicit professional employment from a prospective client with whom the practitioner has no family or prior professional relationship, by mail, in-person or otherwise, when a significant motive for the practitioner's doing so is the practitioner's pecuniary gain under circumstances evidencing undue influence, intimidation, or overreaching. The term “solicit” includes contact in person, by telephone or telegraph, by letter or other writing, or by other communication directed to a specific recipient, but does not include letters addressed or advertising circulars distributed generally to persons not specifically known to need legal services of the kind provided by the practitioner in a particular matter, but who are so situated that they might in general find such services useful. A registered practitioner may state or imply that the practitioner is a specialist as follows: (a) A registered practitioner who is an attorney may use the designation “Patents,” “Patent Attorney,” “Patent Lawyer,” “Registered Patent Attorney,” or a substantially similar designation. (b) A registered practitioner who is not an attorney may use the designation “Patents,” “Patent Agent,” “Registered Patent Agent,” or a substantially similar designation, except that any practitioner who was registered prior to November 15, 1938, may refer to himself or herself as a “patent attorney.” (a) A practitioner shall not use a firm name, letterhead, or other professional designation that violates §10.31. A trade name may be used by a practitioner in private practice if it does not imply a current connection with a government agency or with a public or charitable legal services organization and is not otherwise in violation of §10.31. (b) Practitioners may state or imply that they practice in a partnership or other organization only when that is the fact. (a) A practitioner shall not enter into an agreement for, charge, or collect an illegal or clearly excessive fee. (b) A fee is clearly excessive when, after a review of the facts, a practitioner of ordinary prudence would be left with a definite and firm conviction that the fee is in excess of a reasonable fee. Factors to be considered as guides in determining the reasonableness of a fee include the following: (1) The time and labor required, the novelty and difficulty of the questions involved, and the skill requisite to perform the legal service properly. (2) The likelihood, if apparent to the client, that the acceptance of the particular employment will preclude other employment by the practitioner. (3) The fee customarily charged for similar legal services. (4) The amount involved and the results obtained. (5) The time limitations imposed by the client or by the circumstances. (6) The nature and length of the professional relationship with the client. (7) The experience, reputation, and ability of the practitioner or practitioners performing the services. (8) Whether the fee is fixed or contingent. (a) A practitioner shall not divide a fee for legal services with another practitioner who is not a partner in or associate of the practitioner's law firm or law office, unless: (1) The client consents to employment of the other practitioner after a full disclosure that a division of fees will be made. (2) The division is made in proportion to the services performed and responsibility assumed by each. (3) The total fee of the practitioners does not clearly exceed reasonable compensation for all legal services rendered to the client. (b) This section does not prohibit payment to a former partner or associate pursuant to a separation or retirement agreement. (a) A practitioner shall not be a party to or participate in a partnership or employment agreement with another practitioner that restricts the right of a practitioner to practice before the Office after the termination of a relationship created by the agreement, except as a condition to payment of retirement benefits. (b) In connection with the settlement of a controversy or suit, a practitioner shall not enter into an agreement that restricts the practitioner's right to practice before the Office. A practitioner shall not accept employment on behalf of a person if the practitioner knows or it is obvious that such person wishes to: (a) Bring a legal action, commence a proceeding before the Office, conduct a defense, assert a position in any proceeding pending before the Office, or otherwise have steps taken for the person, merely for the purpose of harassing or maliciously injuring any other person. (b) Present a claim or defense in litigation or any proceeding before the Office that is not warranted under existing law, unless it can be supported by good faith argument for an extension, modification, or reversal of existing law. (a) A practitioner shall not withdraw from employment in a proceeding before the Office without permission from the Office (see §§1.36 and 2.19 of this subchapter). In any event, a practitioner shall not withdraw from employment until the practitioner has taken reasonable steps to avoid foreseeable prejudice to the rights of the client, including giving due notice to his or her client, allowing time for employment of another practitioner, delivering to the client all papers and property to which the client is entitled, and complying with applicable laws and rules. A practitioner who withdraws from employment shall refund promptly any part of a fee paid in advance that has not been earned. (b) Mandatory withdrawal. A practitioner representing a client before the Office shall withdraw from employment if: (1) The practitioner knows or it is obvious that the client is bringing a legal action, commencing a proceeding before the Office, conducting a defense, or asserting a position in litigation or any proceeding pending before the Office, or is otherwise having steps taken for the client, merely for the purpose of harassing or maliciously injuring any person; (2) The practitoner knows or it is obvious that the practitoner's continued employment will result in violation of a Disciplinary Rule; (3) The practitioner's mental or physical condition renders it unreasonably difficult for the practitioner to carry out the employment effectively; or (4) The practitioner is discharged by the client. (c) Permissive withdrawal. If paragraph (b) of this section is not applicable, a practitioner may not request permission to withdraw in matters pending before the Office unless such request or such withdrawal is because: (1) The petitioner's client: (i) Insists upon presenting a claim or defense that is not warranted under existing law and cannot be supported by good faith argument for an extension, modification, or reversal of existing law; (ii) Personally seeks to pursue an illegal course of conduct; (iii) Insists that the practitioner pursue a course of conduct that is illegal or that is prohibited under a Disciplinary Rule; (iv) By other conduct renders it unreasonably difficult for the practitioner to carry out the employment effectively; (v) Insists, in a matter not pending before a tribunal, that the practitioner engage in conduct that is contrary to the judgment and advice of the practitioner but not prohibited under the Disciplinary Rule; or (vi) Has failed to pay one or more bills rendered by the practitioner for an unreasonable period of time or has failed to honor an agreement to pay a retainer in advance of the performance of legal services. (2) The practitioner's continued employment is likely to result in a violation of a Disciplinary Rule; (3) The practitioner's inability to work with co-counsel indicates that the best interests of the client likely will be served by withdrawal; (4) The practitioner's mental or physical condition renders it difficult for the practitioner to carry out the employment effectively; (5) The practitioner's client knowingly and freely assents to termination of the employment; or (6) The practitioner believes in good faith, in a proceeding pending before the Office, that the Office will find the existence of other good cause for withdrawal. A practitioner should assist in preventing the unauthorized practice of law. (a) A practitioner shall not aid a non-practitioner in the unauthorized practice of law before the Office. (b) A practitioner shall not aid a suspended or excluded practitioner in the practice of law before the Office. (c) A practitioner shall not aid a non-lawyer in the unauthorized practice of law. A practitioner or a firm of practitioners shall not share legal fees with a non-practitioner except that: (a) An agreement by a practitioner with the practitioner's firm, partner, or associate may provide for the payment of money, over a reasonable period of time after the practitioner's death, to the practitioner's estate or to one or more specified persons. (b) A practitioner who undertakes to complete unfinished legal business of a deceased practitioner may pay to the estate of the deceased practitioner that proportion of the total compensation which fairly represents the services rendered by the deceased practitioner. (c) A practitioner or firm of practitioners may include non-practitioner employees in a compensation or retirement plan, even though the plan is based in whole or in part on a profit-sharing arrangement, providing such plan does not circumvent another Disciplinary Rule. [50 FR 5172, Feb. 6, 1985, as amended at 58 FR 54511, Oct. 22, 1993] A practitioner shall not form a partnership with a non-practitioner if any of the activities of the partnership consist of the practice of patent, trademark, or other law before the Office. A practitioner should preserve the confidences and secrets of a client. (a) “Confidence” refers to information protected by the attorney-client or agent-client privilege under applicable law. “Secret” refers to other information gained in the professional relationship that the client has requested be held inviolate or the disclosure of which would be embarrassing or would be likely to be detrimental to the client. (b) Except when permitted under paragraph (c) of this section, a practitioner shall not knowingly: (1) Reveal a confidence or secret of a client. (2) Use a confidence or secret of a client to the disadvantage of the client. (3) Use a confidence or secret of a client for the advantage of the practitioner or of a third person, unless the client consents after full disclosure. (c) A practitioner may reveal: (1) Confidences or secrets with the consent of the client affected but only after a full disclosure to the client. (2) Confidences or secrets when permitted under Disciplinary Rules or required by law or court order. (3) The intention of a client to commit a crime and the information necessary to prevent the crime. (4) Confidences or secrets necessary to establish or collect the practitioner's fee or to defend the practitioner or the practitioner's employees or associates against an accusation of wrongful conduct. (d) A practitioner shall exercise reasonable care to prevent the practitioner's employees, associates, and others whose services are utilized by the practitioner from disclosing or using confidences or secrets of a client, except that a practitioner may reveal the information allowed by paragraph (c) of this section through an employee. A practitioner should exercise independent professional judgment on behalf of a client. (a) Except with the consent of a client after full disclosure, a practitioner shall not accept employment if the exercise of the practitioner's professional judgment on behalf of the client will be or reasonably may be affected by the practitioner's own financial, business, property, or personal interests. (b) A practitioner shall not accept employment in a proceeding before the Office if the practitioner knows or it is obvious that the practitioner or another practitioner in the practitioner's firm ought to sign an affidavit to be filed in the Office or be called as a witness, except that the practitioner may undertake the employment and the practitioner or another practitioner in the practitioner's firm may testify: (1) If the testimony will relate solely to an uncontested matter. (2) If the testimony will relate solely to a matter of formality and there is no reason to believe that substantial evidence will be offered in opposition to the testimony. (3) If the testimony will relate solely to the nature and value of legal services rendered in the case by the practitioner or the practitioner's firm to the client. (4) As to any matter, if refusal would work a substantial hardship on the client because of the distinctive value of the practitioner or the practitioner's firm as counsel in the particular case. (a) If, after undertaking employment in a proceeding in the Office, a practitioner learns or it is obvious that the practitioner or another practitioner in the practitioner's firm ought to sign an affidavit to be filed in the Office or be called as a witness on behalf of a practitioner's client, the practitioner shall withdraw from the conduct of the proceeding and the practitioner's firm, if any, shall not continue representation in the proceeding, except that the practitioner may continue the representation and the practitioner or another practitioner in the practitioner's firm may testify in the circumstances enumerated in paragraphs (1) through (4) of §10.62(b). (b) If, after undertaking employment in a proceeding before the Office, a practitioner learns or it is obvious that the practitioner or another practitioner in the practitioner's firm may be asked to sign an affidavit to be filed in the Office or be called as a witness other than on behalf of the practitioner's client, the practitioner may continue the representation until it is apparent that the practitioner's affidavit or testimony is or may be prejudicial to the practitioner's client. (a) A practitioner shall not acquire a proprietary interest in the subject matter of a proceeding before the Office which the practitioner is conducting for a client, except that the practitioner may: (1) Acquire a lien granted by law to secure the practitioner's fee or expenses; or (2) Contract with a client for a reasonable contingent fee; or (3) In a patent case, take an interest in the patent as part or all of his or her fee. (b) While representing a client in connection with a contemplated or pending proceeding before the Office, a practitioner shall not advance or guarantee financial assistance to a client, except that a practitioner may advance or guarantee the expenses of going forward in a proceeding before the Office including fees required by law to be paid to the Office, expenses of investigation, expenses of medical examination, and costs of obtaining and presenting evidence, provided the client remains ultimately liable for such expenses. A practitioner may, however, advance any fee required to prevent or remedy an abandonment of a client's application by reason of an act or omission attributable to the practitioner and not to the client, whether or not the client is ultimately liable for such fee. A practitioner shall not enter into a business transaction with a client if they have differing interests therein and if the client expects the practitioner to exercise professional judgment therein for the protection of the client, unless the client has consented after full disclosure. (a) A practitioner shall decline proffered employment if the exercise of the practitioner's independent professional judgment in behalf of a client will be or is likely to be adversely affected by the acceptance of the proffered employment, or if it would be likely to involve the practitioner in representing differing interests, except to the extent permitted under paragraph (c) of this section. (b) A practitioner shall not continue multiple employment if the exercise of the practitioner's independent professional judgment in behalf of a client will be or is likely to be adversely affected by the practitoner's representation of another client, or if it would be likely to involve the practitioner in representing differing interests, except to the extent permitted under paragraph (c) of this section. (c) In the situations covered by paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section a practitioner may represent multiple clients if it is obvious that the practitioner can adequately represent the interest of each and if each consents to the representation after full disclosure of the possible effect of such representation on the exercise of the practitioner's independent professional judgment on behalf of each. (d) If a practitioner is required to decline employment or to withdraw from employment under a Disciplinary Rule, no partner, or associate, or any other practitioner affiliated with the practitioner or the practitioner's firm, may accept or continue such employment unless otherwise ordered by the Director or Commissioner. A practitioner who represents two or more clients shall not make or participate in the making of an aggregate settlement of the claims of or against the practitioner's clients, unless each client has consented to the settlement after being advised of the existence and nature of all the claims involved in the proposed settlement, of the total amount of the settlement, and of the participation of each person in the settlement. (a) Except with the consent of the practitioner's client after full disclosure, a practitioner shall not: (1) Accept compensation from one other than the practitioner's client for the practitioner's legal services to or for the client. (2) Accept from one other than the practitioner's client any thing of value related to the practitioner's representation of or the practitioner's employment by the client. (b) A practitioner shall not permit a person who recommends, employs, or pays the practitioner to render legal services for another, to direct or regulate the practitioner's professional judgment in rendering such legal services. (c) A practitioner shall not practice with or in the form of a professional corporation or association authorized to practice law for a profit, if a non-practitioner has the right to direct or control the professional judgment of a practitioner. A practitioner should represent a client competently. A practitioner shall not: (a) Handle a legal matter which the practitioner knows or should know that the practitioner is not competent to handle, without associating with the practitioner another practitioner who is competent to handle it. (b) Handle a legal matter without preparation adequate in the circumstances. (c) Neglect a legal matter entrusted to the practitioner. A practitioner shall not attempt to exonerate himself or herself from, or limit his or her liability to, a client for his or her personal malpractice. A practitioner should represent a client zealously within the bounds of the law. (a) A practitioner shall not intentionally: (1) Fail to seek the lawful objectives of a client through reasonably available means permitted by law and the Disciplinary Rules, except as provided by paragraph (b) of this section. A practitioner does not violate the provisions of this section, however, by acceding to reasonable requests of opposing counsel which do not prejudice the rights of the client, by being punctual in fulfilling all professional commitments, by avoiding offensive tactics, or by treating with courtesy and consideration all persons involved in the legal process. (2) Fail to carry out a contract of employment entered into with a client for professional services, but a practitioner may withdraw as permitted under §§10.40, 10.63, and 10.66. (3) Prejudice or damage a client during the course of a professional relationship, except as required under this part. (b) In representation of a client, a practitioner may: (1) Where permissible, exercise professional judgment to waive or fail to assert a right or position of the client. (2) Refuse to aid or participate in conduct that the practitioner believes to be unlawful, even though there is some support for an argument that the conduct is legal. (a) In representation of a client, a practitioner shall not: (1) Initiate or defend any proceeding before the Office, assert a position, conduct a defense, delay a trial or proceeding before the Office, or take other action on behalf of the practitioner's client when the practitioner knows or when it is obvious that such action would serve merely to harass or maliciously injure another. (2) Knowingly advance a claim or defense that is unwarranted under existing law, except that a practitioner may advance such claim or defense if it can be supported by good faith argument for an extension, modification, or reversal of existing law. (3) Conceal or knowingly fail to disclose that which the practitioner is required by law to reveal. (4) Knowingly use perjured testimony or false evidence. (5) Knowingly make a false statement of law or fact. (6) Participate in the creation or preservation of evidence when the practitioner knows or it is obvious that the evidence is false. (7) Counsel or assist a client in conduct that the practitioner knows to be illegal or fraudulent. (8) Knowingly engage in other illegal conduct or conduct contrary to a Disciplinary Rule. (b) A practitioner who receives information clearly establishing that: (1) A client has, in the course of the representation, perpetrated a fraud upon a person or tribunal shall promptly call upon the client to rectify the same, and if the client refuses or is unable to do so the practitioner shall reveal the fraud to the affected person or tribunal. (2) A person other than a client has perpetrated a fraud upon a tribunal shall promptly reveal the fraud to the tribunal. During the course of representation of a client, a practitioner shall not: (a) Communicate or cause another to communicate on the subject of the representation with a party the practitioner knows to be represented by another practitioner in that matter unless the practitioner has the prior consent of the other practitioner representing such other party or is authorized by law to do so. It is not improper, however, for a practitioner to encourage a client to meet with an opposing party for settlement discussions. (b) Give advice to a person who is not represented by a practitioner other than the advice to secure counsel, if the interests of such person are or have a reasonable possibility of being in conflict with the interests of the practitioner's client. A practitioner shall not present, participate in presenting, or threaten to present criminal charges solely to obtain an advantage in any prospective or pending proceeding before the Office. (a) A practitioner shall not disregard or advise a client to disregard any provision of this Subchapter or a decision of the Office made in the course of a proceeding before the Office, but the practitioner may take appropriate steps in good faith to test the validity of such provision or decision. (b) In presenting a matter to the Office, a practitioner shall disclose: (1) Controlling legal authority known to the practitioner to be directly adverse to the position of the client and which is not disclosed by opposing counsel or an employee of the Office. (2) Unless privileged or irrelevant, the identities of the client the practitioner represents and of the persons who employed the practitioner. (c) In appearing in a professional capacity before a tribunal, a practitioner shall not: (1) State or allude to any matter that the practitioner has no reasonable basis to believe is relevant to the case or that will not be supported by admissible evidence. (2) Ask any question that the practitioner has no reasonable basis to believe is relevant to the case and that is intended to degrade a witness or other person. (3) Assert the practitioner's personal knowledge of the facts in issue, except when testifying as a witness. (4) Assert the practitioner's personal opinion as to the justness of a cause, as to the credibility of a witness, as to the culpability of a civil litigant, or as to the guilt or innocence of an accused; but the practitioner may argue, on the practitioner's analysis of the evidence, for any position or conclusion with respect to the matters stated herein. (5) Engage in undignified or discourteous conduct before the Office (see §1.3 of the subchapter). (6) Intentionally or habitually violate any provision of this subchapter or established rule of evidence. (a) A practitioner shall not suppress any evidence that the practitioner or the practitioner's client has a legal obligation to reveal or produce. (b) A practitioner shall not advise or cause a person to be secreted or to leave the jurisdiction of a tribunal for the purpose of making the person unavailable as a witness therein. (c) A practitioner shall not pay, offer to pay, or acquiesce in the payment of compensation to a witness contingent upon the content of the witness' affidavit, testimony or the outcome of the case. But a practitioner may advance, guarantee, or acquiesce in the payment of: (1) Expenses reasonably incurred by a witness in attending, testifying, or making an affidavit. (2) Reasonable compensation to a witness for the witness' loss of time in attending, testifying, or making an affidavit. (3) A reasonable fee for the professional services of an expert witness. (a) A practitioner shall not give or lend anything of value to a judge, official, or employee of a tribunal under circumstances which might give the appearance that the gift or loan is made to influence official action. (b) In an adversary proceeding, including any inter partes proceeding before the Office, a practitioner shall not communicate, or cause another to communicate, as to the merits of the cause with a judge, official, or Office employee before whom the proceeding is pending, except: (1) In the course of official proceedings in the cause. (2) In writing if the practitioner promptly delivers a copy of the writing to opposing counsel or to the adverse party if the adverse party is not represented by a practitioner. (3) Orally upon adequate notice to opposing counsel or to the adverse party if the adverse party is not represented by a practitioner. (4) As otherwise authorized by law. A practitioner should assist in improving the legal system. (a) A practitioner who holds public office shall not: (1) Use the practitioner's public position to obtain, or attempt to obtain, a special advantage in legislative matters for the practitioner or for a client under circumstances where the practitioner knows or it is obvious that such action is not in the public interest. (2) Use the practitioner's public position to influence, or attempt to influence, a tribunal to act in favor of the practitioner or of a client. (3) Accept any thing of value from any person when the practitioner knows or it is obvious that the offer is for the purpose of influencing the practitioner's action as a public official. (b) A practitioner who is an officer or employee of the United States shall not practice before the Office in patent cases except as provided in §10.10(c) and (d). [50 FR 5172, Feb. 6, 1985, as amended at 54 FR 6520, Feb. 13, 1989] (a) A practitioner shall not knowingly make false statements of fact concerning the qualifications of a candidate for election or appointment to a judicial office or to a position in the Office. (b) A practitioner shall not knowingly make false accusations against a judge, other adjudicatory officer, or employee of the Office. A practitioner who is a candidate for judicial office shall comply with applicable provisions of law. A practitioner should avoid even the appearance of professional impropriety. (a) A practitioner shall not accept private employment in a matter upon the merits of which he or she has acted in a judicial capacity. (b) A practitioner shall not accept private employment in a matter in which he or she had personal responsibility while a public employee. (c) A practitioner shall not state or imply that the practitioner is able to influence improperly or upon irrelevant grounds any tribunal, legislative body, or public official. (a) All funds of clients paid to a practitioner or a practitioner's firm, other than advances for costs and expenses, shall be deposited in one or more identifiable bank accounts maintained in the United States or, in the case of a practitioner having an office in a foreign country or registered under §11.6(c), in the United States or the foreign country. (b) No funds belonging to the practitioner or the practitioner's firm shall be deposited in the bank accounts required by paragraph (a) of this section except as follows: (1) Funds reasonably sufficient to pay bank charges may be deposited therein. (2) Funds belonging in part to a client and in part presently or potentially to the practitioner or the practitioner's firm must be deposited therein, but the portion belonging to the practitioner or the practitioner's firm may be withdrawn when due unless the right of the practitioner or the practitioner's firm to receive it is disputed by the client, in which event the disputed portion shall not be withdrawn until the dispute is finally resolved. (c) A practitioner shall: (1) Promptly notify a client of the receipt of the client's funds, securities, or other properties. (2) Identify and label securities and properties of a client promptly upon receipt and place them in a safe deposit box or other place of safekeeping as soon as practicable. (3) Maintain complete records of all funds, securities, and other properties of a client coming into the possession of the practitioner and render appropriate accounts to the client regarding the funds, securities, or other properties. (4) Promptly pay or deliver to the client as requested by a client the funds, securities, or other properties in the possession of the practitioner which the client is entitled to receive. [50 FR 5172, Feb. 6, 1985, as amended at 70 FR 56129, Sept. 26, 2005] (a) The Commissioner may, after notice and opportunity for a hearing, (1) reprimand or (2) suspend or exclude, either generally or in any particular case, any individual, attorney, or agent shown to be incompetent or disreputable, who is guilty of gross misconduct, or who violates a Disciplinary Rule. (b) Petitions to disqualify a practitioner in ex parte or inter partes cases in the Office are not governed by §§10.130 through 10.170 and will be handled on a case-by-case basis under such conditions as the Commissioner deems appropriate. (a) The Director is authorized to investigate possible violations of Disciplinary Rules by practitioners. See §10.2(b)(2). (b) Practitioners shall report and reveal to the Director any knowledge or evidence required by §10.24. A practitioner shall cooperate with the Director in connection with any investigation under paragraph (a) of this section and with officials of the Office in connection with any disciplinary proceeding instituted under §10.132(b). (c) Any non-practitioner possessing knowledge or information concerning a violation of a Disciplinary Rule by a practitioner may report the violation to the Director. The Director may require that the report be presented in the form of an affidavit. (a) If after conducting an investigation under §10.131(a) the Director is of the opinion that a practitioner has violated a Disciplinary Rule, the Director shall, after complying where necessary with the provisions of 5 U.S.C. 558(c), call a meeting of the Committee on Discipline. The Committee on Discipline shall then determine as specified in §10.4(b) whether a disciplinary proceeding shall be instituted under paragraph (b) of this section. (b) If the Committee on Discipline determines that probable cause exists to believe that a practitioner has violated a Disciplinary Rule, the Director shall institute a disciplinary proceeding by filing a complaint under §10.134. The complaint shall be filed in the Office of the Director. A disciplinary proceeding may result in: (1) A reprimand, or (2) Suspension or exclusion of a practitioner from practice before the Office. (c) Upon the filing of a complaint under §10.134, the Commissioner will refer the disciplinary proceeding to an administrative law judge. (a) General. The Director may confer with a practitioner concerning possible violations by the practitioner of a Disciplinary Rule whether or not a disciplinary proceeding has been instituted. (b) Resignation. Any practitioner who is the subject of an investigation under §10.131 or against whom a complaint has been filed under §10.134 may resign from practice before the Office only by submitting with the Director an affidavit stating his or her desire to resign. (c) If filed prior to the date set by the administrative law judge for a hearing, the affidavit shall state that: (1) The resignation is freely and voluntarily proffered; (2) The practitioner is not acting under duress or coercion from the Office; (3) The practitioner is fully aware of the implications of filing the resignation; (4) The practitioner is aware (i) of a pending investigation or (ii) of charges arising from the complaint alleging that he or she is guilty of a violation of the Patent and Trademark Office Code of Professional Responsibility, the nature of which shall be set forth by the practitioner to the satisfaction of the Director; (5) The practitioner acknowledges that, if and when he or she applies for reinstatement under §10.160, the Director will conclusively presume, for the limited purpose of determining the application for reinstatement, that: (i) The facts upon which the complaint is based are true and (ii) The practitioner could not have successfully defended himself or herself against (A) charges predicated on the violation under investigation or (B) charges set out in the complaint filed against the practitioner. (d) If filed on or after the date set by the administrative law judge for a hearing, the affidavit shall make the statements required by paragraphs (b) (1) through (4) of this section and shall state that: (1) The practitioner acknowledges the facts upon which the complaint is based are true; and (2) The resignation is being submitted because the practitioner could not successfully defend himself or herself against (i) charges predicated on the violation under investigation or (ii) charges set out in the complaint. (e) When an affidavit under paragraph (b) or (c) of this section is received while an investigation is pending, the Commissioner shall enter an order excluding the practitioner “on consent.” When an affidavit under paragraph (b) or (c) of this section is received after a complaint under §10.134 has been filed, the Director shall notify the administrative law judge. The administrative law judge shall enter an order transferring the disciplinary proceeding to the Commissioner and the Commissioner shall enter an order excluding the practitioner “on consent.” (f) Any practitioner who resigns from practice before the Office under this section and who intends to reapply for admission to practice before the Office must comply with the provisions of §10.158. (g) Settlement. Before or after a complaint is filed under §10.134, a settlement conference may occur between the Director and a practitioner for the purpose of settling any disciplinary matter. If an offer of settlement is made by the Director or the practitioner and is not accepted by the other, no reference to the offer of settlement or its refusal shall be admissible in evidence in the disciplinary proceeding unless both the Director and the practitioner agree in writing. (a) A complaint instituting a disciplinary proceeding shall: (1) Name the practitioner, who may then be referred to as the “respondent.” (2) Give a plain and concise description of the alleged violations of the Disciplinary Rules by the practitioner. (3) State the place and time for filing an answer by the respondent. (4) State that a decision by default may be entered against the respondent if an answer is not timely filed. (5) Be signed by the Director. (b) A complaint will be deemed sufficient if it fairly informs the respondent of any violation of the Disciplinary Rules which form the basis for the disciplinary proceeding so that the respondent is able to adequately prepare a defense. (a) A complaint may be served on a respondent in any of the following methods: (1) By handing a copy of the complaint personally to the respondent, in which case the individual handing the complaint to the respondent shall file an affidavit with the Director indicating the time and place the complaint was handed to the respondent. (2) By mailing a copy of the complaint by “Express Mail” or first-class mail to: (i) A registered practitioner at the address for which separate notice was last received by the Director or (ii) A non-registered practitioner at the last address for the respondent known to the Director. (3) By any method mutually agreeable to the Director and the respondent. (b) If a complaint served by mail under paragraph (a)(2) of this section is returned by the U.S. Postal Service, the Director shall mail a second copy of the complaint to the respondent. If the second copy of the complaint is also returned by the U.S. Postal Service, the Director shall serve the respondent by publishing an appropriate notice in the Official Gazette for four consecutive weeks, in which case the time for answer shall be at least thirty days from the fourth publication of the notice. (c) If a respondent is a registered practitioner, the Director may serve simultaneously with the complaint a letter under §10.11(b). The Director may require the respondent to answer the §10.11(b) letter within a period of not less than 15 days. An answer to the §10.11(b) letter shall constitute proof of service. If the respondent fails to answer the §10.11(b) letter, his or her name will be removed from the register as provided by §10.11(b). (d) If the respondent is represented by an attorney under §10.140(a), a copy of the complaint shall also be served on the attorney. (a) Time for answer. An answer to a complaint shall be filed within a time set in the complaint which shall be not less than thirty days. (b) With whom filed. The answer shall be filed in writing with the administrative law judge. The time for filing an answer may be extended once for a period of no more than thirty days by the administrative law judge upon a showing of good cause provided a motion requesting an extension of time is filed within thirty days after the date the complaint is filed by the Director. A copy of the answer shall be served on the Director. (c) Content. The respondent shall include in the answer a statement of the facts which constitute the grounds of defense and shall specifically admit or deny each allegation set forth in the complaint. The respondent shall not deny a material allegation in the complaint which the respondent knows to be true or state that respondent is without sufficient information to form a belief as to the truth of an allegation when in fact the respondent possesses that information. The respondent shall also state affirmatively special matters of defense. (d) Failure to deny allegations in complaint. Every allegation in the complaint which is not denied by a respondent in the answer is deemed to be admitted and may be considered proven. No further evidence in respect of that allegation need be received by the administrative law judge at any hearing. Failure to timely file an answer will constitute an admission of the allegations in the complaint. (e) Reply by Director. No reply to an answer is required by the Director and any affirmative defense in the answer shall be deemed to be denied. The Director may, however, file a reply if he or she chooses or if ordered by the administrative law judge. [50 FR 5172, Feb. 6, 1985; 50 FR 25073, June 17, 1985] False statements in an answer may be made the basis of a supplemental complaint. Upon the filing of an answer by the respondent, a disciplinary proceeding shall be regarded as a contested case within the meaning of 35 U.S.C. 24. Evidence obtained by a subpoena issued under 35 U.S.C. 24 shall not be admitted into the record or considered unless leave to proceed under 35 U.S.C. 24 was previously authorized by the administrative law judge. (a) Appointment. An administrative law judge, appointed under 5 U.S.C. 3105, shall conduct disciplinary proceedings as provided by this part. (b) Responsibilities. The administrative law judge shall have authority to: (1) Administer oaths and affirmations; (2) Make rulings upon motions and other requests; (3) Rule upon offers of proof, receive relevant evidence, and examine witnesses; (4) Authorize the taking of a deposition of a witness in lieu of personal appearance of the witness before the administrative law judge; (5) Determine the time and place of any hearing and regulate its course and conduct; (6) Hold or provide for the holding of conferences to settle or simplify the issues; (7) Receive and consider oral or written arguments on facts or law; (8) Adopt procedures and modify procedures from time to time as occasion requires for the orderly disposition of proceedings; (9) Make initial decisions under §10.154; and (10) Perform acts and take measures as necessary to promote the efficient and timely conduct of any disciplinary proceeding. (c) Time for making initial decision. The administrative law judge shall set times and exercise control over a disciplinary proceeding such that an initial decision under §10.154 is normally issued within six months of the date a complaint is filed. The administrative law judge may, however, issue an initial decision more than six months after a complaint is filed if in his or her opinion there exist unusual circumstances which preclude issuance of an initial decision within six months of the filing of the complaint. (d) Review of interlocutory orders. An interlocutory order of an administrative law judge will not be reviewed by the Commissioner except: (1) When the administrative law judge shall be of the opinion (i) that the interlocutory order involves a controlling question of procedure or law as to which there is a substantial ground for a difference of opinion and (ii) that an immediate decision by the Commissioner may materially advance the ultimate termination of the disciplinary proceeding or (2) In an extraordinary situation where justice requires review (e) Stays pending review of interlocutory order. If the Director or a respondent seeks review of an interlocutory order of an administrative law judge under paragraph (b)(2) of this section, any time period set for taking action by the administrative law judge shall not be stayed unless ordered by the Commissioner or the administrative law judge. [50 FR 5172, Feb. 6, 1985; 50 FR 25073, June 17, 1985] (a) A respondent may be represented before the Office in connection with an investigation or disciplinary proceeding by an attorney. The attorney shall file a written declaration that he or she is an attorney within the meaning of §10.1(c) and shall state: (1) The address to which the attorney wants correspondence related to the investigation or disciplinary proceeding sent and (2) A telephone number where the attorney may be reached during normal business hours. (b) The Commissioner shall designate at least two associate solicitors in the Office of the Solicitor to act as representatives for the Director in disciplinary proceedings. In prosecuting disciplinary proceedings, the designated associate solicitors shall not involve the Solicitor or the Deputy Solicitor. The Solicitor and the Deputy Solicitor shall remain insulated from the investigation and prosecution of all disciplinary proceedings in order that they shall be available as counsel to the Commissioner in deciding disciplinary proceedings. (a) The provisions of §1.8 of this subchapter do not apply to disciplinary proceedings. (b) All papers filed after the complaint and prior to entry of an initial decision by the administrative law judge shall be filed with the administrative law judge at an address or place designated by the administrative law judge. All papers filed after entry of an initial decision by the administrative law judge shall be filed with the Director. The Director shall promptly forward to the Commissioner any paper which requires action under this part by the Commissioner. (c) The administrative law judge or the Director may provide for filing papers and other matters by hand or by “Express Mail.” (a) All papers other than a complaint shall be served on a respondent represented by an attorney by: (1) Delivering a copy of the paper to the office of the attorney; or (2) Mailing a copy of the paper by first-class mail or “Express Mail” to the attorney at the address provided by the attorney under §10.140(a)(1); or (3) Any other method mutually agreeable to the attorney and a representative for the Director. (b) All papers other than a complaint shall be served on a respondent who is not represented by an attorney by: (1) Delivering a copy of the paper to the respondent; or (2) Mailing a copy of the paper by first-class mail or “Express Mail” to the respondent at the address to which a complaint may be served or such other address as may be designated in writing by the respondent; or (3) Any other method mutually agreeable to the respondent and a representative of the Director. (c) A respondent shall serve on the representative for the Director one copy of each paper filed with the administrative law judge or the Director. A paper may be served on the representative for the Director by: (1) Delivering a copy of the paper to the representative; or (2) Mailing a copy of the paper by first-class mail or “Express Mail” to an address designated in writing by the representative; or (3) Any other method mutually agreeable to the respondent and the representative. (d) Each paper filed in a disciplinary proceeding shall contain therein a certificate of service indicating: (1) The date on which service was made and (2) The method by which service was made. (e) The administrative law judge or the Commissioner may require that a paper be served by hand or by “Express Mail.” (f) Service by mail is completed when the paper mailed in the United States is placed into the custody of the U.S. Postal Service. Motions may be filed with the administrative law judge. The administrative law judge will determine on a case-by-case basis the time period for response to a motion and whether replies to responses will be authorized. No motion shall be filed with the administrative law judge unless such motion is supported by a written statement by the moving party that the moving party or attorney for the moving party has conferred with the opposing party or attorney for the opposing party in an effort in good faith to resolve by agreement the issues raised by the motion and has been unable to reach agreement. If issues raised by a motion are resolved by the parties prior to a decision on the motion by the administrative law judge, the parties shall promptly notify the administrative law judge. (a) The administrative law judge shall preside at hearings in disciplinary proceedings. Hearings will be stenographically recorded and transcribed and the testimony of witnesses will be received under oath or affirmation. The administrative law judge shall conduct hearings in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 556. A copy of the transcript of the hearing shall become part of the record. A copy of the transcript shall be provided to the Director and the respondent at the expense of the Office. (b) If the respondent to a disciplinary proceeding fails to appear at the hearing after a notice of hearing has been given by the administrative law judge, the administrative law judge may deem the respondent to have waived the right to a hearing and may proceed with the hearing in the absence of the respondent. (c) A hearing under this section will not be open to the public except that the Director may grant a request by a respondent to open his or her hearing to the public and make the record of the disciplinary proceeding available for public inspection, provided, Agreement is reached in advance to exclude from public disclosure information which is privileged or confidential under applicable laws or regulations. If a disciplinary proceeding results in disciplinary action against a practitioner, and subject to §10.159(c), the record of the entire disciplinary proceeding, including any settlement agreement, will be available for public inspection. In case of a variance between the evidence and the allegations in a complaint, answer, or reply, if any, the administrative law judge may order or authorize amendment of the complaint, answer, or reply to conform to the evidence. Any party who would otherwise be prejudiced by the amendment will be given reasonable opportunity to meet the allegations in the complaint, answer, or reply, as amended, and the administrative law judge shall make findings on any issue presented by the complaint, answer, or reply as amended. In a disciplinary proceeding, the Director shall have the burden of proving his or her case by clear and convincing evidence and a respondent shall have the burden of proving any affirmative defense by clear and convincing evidence. (a) Rules of evidence. The rules of evidence prevailing in courts of law and equity are not controlling in hearings in disciplinary proceedings. However, the administrative law judge shall exclude evidence which is irrelevant, immaterial, or unduly repetitious. (b) Depositions. Depositions of witnesses taken pursuant to §10.151 may be admitted as evidence. (c) Government documents. Official documents, records, and papers of the Office are admissible without extrinsic evidence of authenticity. These documents, records and papers may be evidenced by a copy certified as correct by an employee of the Office. (d) Exhibits. If any document, record, or other paper is introduced in evidence as an exhibit, the administrative law judge may authorize the withdrawal of the exhibit subject to any conditions the administrative law judge deems appropriate. (e) Objections. Objections to evidence will be in short form, stating the grounds of objection. Objections and rulings on objections will be a part of the record. No exception to the ruling is necessary to preserve the rights of the parties. (a) Depositions for use at the hearing in lieu of personal appearance of a witness before the administrative law judge may be taken by respondent or the Director upon a showing of good cause and with the approval of, and under such conditions as may be deemed appropriate by, the administrative law judge. Depositions may be taken upon oral or written questions, upon not less than ten days written notice to the other party, before any officer authorized to administer an oath or affirmation in the place where the deposition is to be taken. The requirement of ten days notice may be waived by the parties and depositions may then be taken of a witness and at a time and place mutually agreed to by the parties. When a deposition is taken upon written questions, copies of the written questions will be served upon the other party with the notice and copies of any written cross-questions will be served by hand or “Express Mail” not less than five days before the date of the taking of the deposition unless the parties mutually agree otherwise. A party on whose behalf a deposition is taken shall file a copy of a transcript of the deposition signed by a court reporter with the administrative law judge and shall serve one copy upon the opposing party. Expenses for a court reporter and preparing, serving, and filing depositions shall be borne by the party at whose instance the deposition is taken. (b) When the Director and the respondent agree in writing, a deposition of any witness who will appear voluntarily may be taken under such terms and condition as may be mutually agreeable to the Director and the respondent. The deposition shall not be filed with the administrative law judge and may not be admitted in evidence before the administrative law judge unless he or she orders the deposition admitted in evidence. The admissibility of the deposition shall lie within the discretion of the administrative law judge who may reject the deposition on any reasonable basis including the fact that demeanor is involved and that the witness should have been called to appear personally before the administrative law judge. Discovery shall not be authorized except as follows: (a) After an answer is filed under §10.136 and when a party establishes in a clear and convincing manner that discovery is necessary and relevant, the administrative law judge, under such conditions as he or she deems appropriate, may order an opposing party to: (1) Answer a reasonable number of written requests for admission or interrogatories; (2) Produce for inspection and copying a reasonable number of documents; and (3) Produce for inspection a reasonable number of things other than documents. (b) Discovery shall not be authorized under paragraph (a) of this section of any matter which: (1) Will be used by another party solely for impeachment or cross-examination; (2) Is not available to the party under 35 U.S.C. 122; (3) Relates to any disciplinary proceeding commenced in the Patent and Trademark Office prior to March 8, 1985; (4) Relates to experts except as the administrative law judge may require under paragraph (e) of this section. (5) Is privileged; or (6) Relates to mental impressions, conclusions, opinions, or legal theories of any attorney or other representative of a party. (c) The administrative law judge may deny discovery requested under paragraph (a) of this section if the discovery sought: (1) Will unduly delay the disciplinary proceeding; (2) Will place an undue burden on the party required to produce the discovery sought; or (3) Is available (i) generally to the public, (ii) equally to the parties; or (iii) to the party seeking the discovery through another source. (d) Prior to authorizing discovery under paragraph (a) of this section, the administrative law judge shall require the party seeking discovery to file a motion (§10.143) and explain in detail for each request made how the discovery sought is necessary and relevant to an issue actually raised in the complaint or the answer. (e) The administrative law judge may require parties to file and serve, prior to any hearing, a pre-hearing statement which contains: (1) A list (together with a copy) of all proposed exhibits to be used in connection with a party's case-in-chief, (2) A list of proposed witnesses, (3) As to each proposed expert witness: (i) An identification of the field in which the individual will be qualified as an expert; (ii) A statement as to the subject matter on which the expert is expected to testify; and (iii) A statement of the substance of the facts and opinions to which the expert is expected to testify, (4) The identity of government employees who have investigated the case, and (5) Copies of memoranda reflecting respondent's own statements to administrative representatives. (f) After a witness testifies for a party, if the opposing party requests, the party may be required to produce, prior to cross-examination, any written statement made by the witness. Except in cases when the respondent has failed to answer the complaint, the administrative law judge, prior to making an initial decision, shall afford the parties a reasonable opportunity to submit proposed findings and conclusions and a post-hearing memorandum in support of the proposed findings and conclusions. (a) The administrative law judge shall make an initial decision in the case. The decision will include (1) a statement of findings and conclusions, as well as the reasons or basis therefore with appropriate references to the record, upon all the material issues of fact, law, or discretion presented on the record, and (2) an order of suspension or exclusion from practice, an order of reprimand, or an order dismissing the complaint. The administrative law judge shall file the decision with the Director and shall transmit a copy to the representative of the Director and to the respondent. In the absence of an appeal to the Commissioner, the decision of the administrative law judge will, without further proceedings, become the decision of the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks thirty (30) days from the date of the decision of the administrative law judge. (b) The initial decision of the administrative law judge shall explain the reason for any penalty or reprimand, suspension or exclusion. In determining any penalty, the following should normally be considered: (1) The public interest; (2) The seriousness of the violation of the Disciplinary Rule; (3) The deterrent effects deemed necessary; (4) The integrity of the legal profession; and (5) Any extenuating circumstances. [50 FR 5172, Feb. 6, 1985; 50 FR 25073, June 17, 1985] (a) Within thirty (30) days from the date of the initial decision of the administrative law judge under §10.154, either party may appeal to the Commissioner. If an appeal is taken, the time for filing a cross-appeal expires 14 days after the date of service of the appeal pursuant to §10.142 or 30 days after the date of initial decision of the administrative law judge, whichever is later. An appeal or cross-appeal by the respondent will be filed and served with the Director in duplicate and will include exceptions to the decisions of the administrative law judge and supporting reasons for those exceptions. If the Director files the appeal or cross-appeal, the Director shall serve on the other party a copy of the appeal or cross-appeal. The other party to an appeal or cross-appeal may file a reply brief. A respondent's reply brief shall be filed and served in duplicate with the Director. The time for filing any reply brief expires thirty (30) days after the date of service pursuant to §10.142 of an appeal, cross-appeal or copy thereof. If the Director files a reply brief, the Director shall serve on the other party a copy of the reply brief. Upon the filing of an appeal, cross-appeal, if any, and reply briefs, if any, the Director shall transmit the entire record to the Commissioner. (b) The appeal will be decided by the Commissioner on the record made before the administrative law judge. (c) The Commissioner may order reopening of a disciplinary proceeding in accordance with the principles which govern the granting of new trials. Any request to reopen a disciplinary proceeding on the basis of newly discovered evidence must demonstrate that the newly discovered evidence could not have been discovered by due diligence. (d) In the absence of an appeal by the Director, failure by the respondent to appeal under the provisions of this section shall be deemed to be both acceptance by the respondent of the initial decision and waiver by the respondent of the right to further administrative or judicial review. [50 FR 5172, Feb. 6, 1985, as amended at 54 FR 26026, June 21, 1989; 60 FR 64126, Dec. 14, 1995] (a) An appeal from an initial decision of the administrative law judge shall be decided by the Commissioner. The Commissioner may affirm, reverse or modify the initial decision or remand the matter to the administrative law judge for such further proceedings as the Commissioner may deem appropriate. Subject to paragraph (c) of this section, a decision by the Commissioner does not become a final agency action in a disciplinary proceeding until 20 days after it is entered. In making a final decision, the Commissioner shall review the record or those portions of the record as may be cited by the parties in order to limit the issues. The Commissioner shall transmit a copy of the final decision to the Director and to the respondent. (b) A final decision of the Commissioner may dismiss a disciplinary proceeding, reprimand a practitioner, or may suspend or exclude the practitioner from practice before the Office. (c) A single request for reconsideration or modification of the Commissioner's decision may be made by the respondent or the Director if filed within 20 days from the date of entry of the decision. Such a request shall have the effect of staying the effective date of the decision. The decision by the Commissioner on the request is a final agency action in a disciplinary proceeding and is effective on its date of entry. [50 FR 5172, Feb. 6, 1985, as amended at 54 FR 6660, Feb. 14, 1989] (a) Review of the Commissioner's final decision in a disciplinary case may be had, subject to §10.155(d), by a petition filed in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. See 35 U.S.C. 32 and Local Rule 213 of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. (b) The Commissioner may stay a final decision pending review of the Commissioner's final decision. [50 FR 5172, Feb. 6, 1985; 53 FR 13120, Apr. 21, 1988, as amended at 54 FR 26027, June 21, 1989] (a) A practitioner who is suspended or excluded from practice before the Office under §10.156(b) shall not engage in unauthorized practice of patent, trademark and other non-patent law before the Office. (b) Unless otherwise ordered by the Commissioner, any practitioner who is suspended or excluded from practice before the Office under §10.156(b) shall: (1) Within 30 days of entry of the order of suspension or exclusion, notify all bars of which he or she is a member and all clients of the practitioner for whom he or she is handling matters before the Office in separate written communications of the suspension or exclusion and shall file a copy of each written communication with the Director. (2) Within 30 days of entry of the order of suspension or exclusion, surrender a client's active Office case files to (i) the client or (ii) another practitioner designated by the client. (3) Not hold himself or herself out as authorized to practice law before the Office. (4) Promptly take any necessary and appropriate steps to remove from any telephone, legal, or other directory any advertisement, statement, or representation which would reasonably suggest that the practitioner is authorized to practice patent, trademark or other non-patent law before the Office, and within 30 days of taking those steps, file with the Director an affidavit describing the precise nature of the steps taken. (5) Not advertise the practitioner's availability or ability to perform or render legal services for any person having immediate, prospective, or pending business before the Office. (6) Not render legal advice or services to any person having immediate, prospective, or pending business before the Office as to that business. (7) Promptly take steps to change any sign identifying a practitioner's or the practitioner's firm's office and the practitioner's or the practitioner's firm's stationery to delete therefrom any advertisement, statement, or representation which would reasonably suggest that the practitioner is authorized to practice law before the Office. (8) Within 30 days, return to any client any unearned funds, including any unearned retainer fee, and any securities and property of the client. (c) A practitioner who is suspended or excluded from practice before the Office and who aids another practitioner in any way in the other practitioner's practice of law before the Office, may, under the direct supervision of the other practitioner, act as a para-legal for the other practitioner or perform other services for the other practitioner which are normally performed by lay-persons, Provided: (1) The practitioner who is suspended or excluded is: (i) A salaried employee of: (A) The other practitioner; (B) The other practitioner's law firm; or (C) A client-employer who employs the other practitioner as a salaried employee; (2) The other practitioner assumes full professional responsibility to any client and the Office for any work performed by the suspended or excluded practitioner for the other practitioner; (3) The suspended or excluded practitioner, in connection with any immediate, prospective, or pending business before the Office, does not: (i) Communicate directly in writing, orally, or otherwise with a client of the other practitioner; (ii) Render any legal advice or any legal services to a client of the other practitioner; or (iii) Meet in person or in the presence of the other practitioner with: (A) Any Office official in connection with the prosecution of any patent, trademark, or other case; (B) Any client of the other practitioner, the other practitioner's law firm, or the client-employer of the other practitioner; (C) Any witness or potential witness which the other practitioner, the other practitioner's law firm, or the other practitioner's client-employer may or intends to call as a witness in any proceeding before the Office. The term “witness” includes individuals who will testify orally in a proceeding before, or sign an affidavit or any other document to be filed in, the Office. (d) When a suspended or excluded practitioner acts as a para-legal or performs services under paragraph (c) of this section, the suspended or excluded practitioner shall not thereafter be reinstated to practice before the Office unless: (1) The suspended or excluded practitioner shall have filed with the Director an affidavit which (i) explains in detail the precise nature of all para-legal or other services performed by the suspended or excluded practitioner and (ii) shows by clear and convincing evidence that the suspended or excluded practitioner has complied with the provisions of this section and all Disciplinary Rules, and (2) The other practitioner shall have filed with the Director a written statement which (i) shows that the other practitioner has read the affidavit required by subparagraph (d)(1) of this section and that the other practitioner believes every statement in the affidavit to be true and (ii) states why the other practitioner believes that the suspended or excluded practitioner has complied with paragraph (c) of this section. (a) Upon issuance of a final decision reprimanding a practitioner or suspending or excluding a practitioner from practice before the Office, the Director shall give notice of the final decision to appropriate employees of the Office and to interested departments, agencies, and courts of the United States. The Director shall also give notice to appropriate authorities of any State in which a practitioner is known to be a member of the bar and any appropriate bar association. (b) The Director shall cause to be published in the Official Gazette the name of any practitioner suspended or excluded from practice. Unless otherwise ordered by the Commissioner, the Director shall publish in the Official Gazette the name of any practitioner reprimanded by the Commissioner. (c) The Director shall maintain records, which shall be available for public inspection, of every disciplinary proceeding where a practitioner is reprimanded, suspended, or excluded unless the Commissioner orders that the proceeding be kept confidential. (a) A petition for reinstatement of a practitioner suspended for a period of less than five years will not be considered until the period of suspension has passed. (b) A petition for reinstatement of a practitioner excluded from practice will not be considered until five years after the effective date of the exclusion. (c) An individual who has resigned under §10.133 or who has been suspended or excluded may file a petition for reinstatement. The Director may grant a petition for reinstatement when the individual makes a clear and convincing showing that the individual will conduct himself or herself in accordance with the regulations of this part and that granting a petition for reinstatement is not contrary to the public interest. As a condition to reinstatement, the Director may require the individual to: (1) Meet the requirements of §10.7, including taking and passing an examination under §10.7(b) and (2) Pay all or a portion of the costs and expenses, not to exceed $1,500, of the disciplinary proceeding which led to suspension or exclusion. (d) Any suspended or excluded practitioner who has violated the provisions of §10.158 during his or her period of suspension or exclusion shall not be entitled to reinstatement until such time as the Director is satisfied that a period of suspension equal in time to that ordered by the Commissioner or exclusion for five years has passed during which the suspended or excluded practitioner has complied with the provisions of §10.158. (e) Proceedings on any petition for reinstatement shall be open to the public. Before reinstating any suspended or excluded practitioner, the Director shall publish in the Official Gazette a notice of the suspended or excluded practitioner's petition for reinstatement and shall permit the public a reasonable opportunity to comment or submit evidence with respect to the petition for reinstatement. (a) A disciplinary proceeding based on conduct engaged in prior to the effective date of these regulations may be instituted subsequent to such effective date, if such conduct would continue to justify suspension or exclusion under the provisions of this part. (b) No practitioner shall be subject to a disciplinary proceeding under this part based on conduct engaged in before the effective date hereof if such conduct would not have been subject to disciplinary action before such effective date. (a) In an extraordinary situation, when justice requires, any requirement of the regulations of this part which is not a requirement of the statutes may be suspended or waived by the Commissioner or the Commissioner's designee, sua sponte, or on petition of any party, including the Director or the Director's representative, subject to such other requirements as may be imposed. (b) Any petition under this section will not stay a disciplinary proceeding unless ordered by the Commissioner or an administrative law judge.
Title 37: Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights
PART 10—REPRESENTATION OF OTHERS BEFORE THE PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
Section Contents
§ 10.1 Definitions.
§§ 10.2-10.3 [Reserved]
§ 10.4 Committee on Discipline.
Individuals Entitled To Practice Before the Patent and Trademark Office
§§ 10.5-10.10 [Reserved]
§ 10.11 Removing names from the register.
§§ 10.12-10.13 [Reserved]
§ 10.14 Individuals who may practice before the Office in trademark and other non-patent cases.
§ 10.15 Refusal to recognize a practitioner.
§§ 10.16-10.17 [Reserved]
§ 10.18 Signature and certificate for correspondence filed in the Patent and Trademark Office.
§ 10.19 [Reserved]
Patent and Trademark Office Code of Professional Responsibility
§ 10.20 Canons and Disciplinary Rules.
§ 10.21 Canon 1.
§ 10.22 Maintaining integrity and competence of the legal profession.
§ 10.23 Misconduct.
§ 10.24 Disclosure of information to authorities.
§§ 10.25-10.29 [Reserved]
§ 10.30 Canon 2.
§ 10.31 Communications concerning a practitioner's services.
§ 10.32 Advertising.
§ 10.33 Direct contact with prospective clients.
§ 10.34 Communication of fields of practice.
§ 10.35 Firm names and letterheads.
§ 10.36 Fees for legal services.
§ 10.37 Division of fees among practitioners.
§ 10.38 Agreements restricting the practice of a practitioner.
§ 10.39 Acceptance of employment.
§ 10.40 Withdrawal from employment,
§§ 10.41-10.45 [Reserved]
§ 10.46 Canon 3.
§ 10.47 Aiding unauthorized practice of law.
§ 10.48 Sharing legal fees.
§ 10.49 Forming a partnership with a non-practitioner.
§§ 10.50-10.55 [Reserved]
§ 10.56 Canon 4.
§ 10.57 Preservation of confidences and secrets of a client.
§§ 10.58-10.60 [Reserved]
§ 10.61 Canon 5.
§ 10.62 Refusing employment when the interest of the practitioner may impair the practitioner's independent professional judgment.
§ 10.63 Withdrawal when the practitioner becomes a witness.
§ 10.64 Avoiding acquisition of interest in litigation or proceeding before the Office.
§ 10.65 Limiting business relations with a client.
§ 10.66 Refusing to accept or continue employment if the interests of another client may impair the independent professional judgment of the practitioner.
§ 10.67 Settling similar claims of clients.
§ 10.68 Avoiding influence by others than the client.
§§ 10.69-10.75 [Reserved]
§ 10.76 Canon 6.
§ 10.77 Failing to act competently.
§ 10.78 Limiting liability to client.
§§ 10.79-10.82 [Reserved]
§ 10.83 Canon 7.
§ 10.84 Representing a client zealously.
§ 10.85 Representing a client within the bounds of the law.
§ 10.86 [Reserved]
§ 10.87 Communicating with one of adverse interest.
§ 10.88 Threatening criminal prosecution.
§ 10.89 Conduct in proceedings.
§§ 10.90-10.91 [Reserved]
§ 10.92 Contact with witnesses.
§ 10.93 Contact with officials.
§§ 10.94-10.99 [Reserved]
§ 10.100 Canon 8.
§ 10.101 Action as a public official.
§ 10.102 Statements concerning officials.
§ 10.103 Practitioner candidate for judicial office.
§§ 10.104-10.109 [Reserved]
§ 10.110 Canon 9.
§ 10.111 Avoiding even the appearance of impropriety.
§ 10.112 Preserving identity of funds and property of client.
§§ 10.113-10.129 [Reserved]
Investigations and Disciplinary Proceedings
§ 10.130 Reprimand, suspension or exclusion.
§ 10.131 Investigations.
§ 10.132 Initiating a disciplinary proceeding; reference to an administrative law judge.
§ 10.133 Conference between Director and practitioner; resignation.
§ 10.134 Complaint.
§ 10.135 Service of complaint.
§ 10.136 Answer to complaint.
§ 10.137 Supplemental complaint.
§ 10.138 Contested case.
§ 10.139 Administrative law judge; appointment; responsibilities; review of interlocutory orders; stays.
§ 10.140 Representative for Director or respondent.
§ 10.141 Filing of papers.
§ 10.142 Service of papers.
§ 10.143 Motions.
§ 10.144 Hearings.
§ 10.145 Proof; variance; amendment of pleadings.
§§ 10.146-10.148 [Reserved]
§ 10.149 Burden of proof.
§ 10.150 Evidence.
§ 10.151 Depositions.
§ 10.152 Discovery.
§ 10.153 Proposed findings and conclusions; post-hearing memorandum.
§ 10.154 Initial decision of administrative law judge.
§ 10.155 Appeal to the Commissioner.
§ 10.156 Decision of the Commissioner.
§ 10.157 Review of Commissioner's final decision.
§ 10.158 Suspended or excluded practitioner.
§ 10.159 Notice of suspension or exclusion.
§ 10.160 Petition for reinstatement.
§ 10.161 Savings clause.
§§ 10.162-10.169 [Reserved]
§ 10.170 Suspension of rules.
§ 10.1 Definitions.
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§§ 10.2-10.3 [Reserved]
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§ 10.4 Committee on Discipline.
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Individuals Entitled To Practice Before the Patent and Trademark Office
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§§ 10.5-10.10 [Reserved]
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§ 10.11 Removing names from the register.
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§§ 10.12-10.13 [Reserved]
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§ 10.14 Individuals who may practice before the Office in trademark and other non-patent cases.
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§ 10.15 Refusal to recognize a practitioner.
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§§ 10.16-10.17 [Reserved]
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§ 10.18 Signature and certificate for correspondence filed in the Patent and Trademark Office.
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§ 10.19 [Reserved]
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Patent and Trademark Office Code of Professional Responsibility
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§ 10.20 Canons and Disciplinary Rules.
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§ 10.21 Canon 1.
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§ 10.22 Maintaining integrity and competence of the legal profession.
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§ 10.23 Misconduct.
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§ 10.24 Disclosure of information to authorities.
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§§ 10.25-10.29 [Reserved]
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§ 10.30 Canon 2.
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§ 10.31 Communications concerning a practitioner's services.
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§ 10.32 Advertising.
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§ 10.33 Direct contact with prospective clients.
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§ 10.34 Communication of fields of practice.
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§ 10.35 Firm names and letterheads.
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§ 10.36 Fees for legal services.
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§ 10.37 Division of fees among practitioners.
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§ 10.38 Agreements restricting the practice of a practitioner.
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§ 10.39 Acceptance of employment.
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§ 10.40 Withdrawal from employment,
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§§ 10.41-10.45 [Reserved]
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§ 10.46 Canon 3.
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§ 10.47 Aiding unauthorized practice of law.
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§ 10.48 Sharing legal fees.
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§ 10.49 Forming a partnership with a non-practitioner.
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§§ 10.50-10.55 [Reserved]
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§ 10.56 Canon 4.
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§ 10.57 Preservation of confidences and secrets of a client.
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§§ 10.58-10.60 [Reserved]
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§ 10.61 Canon 5.
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§ 10.62 Refusing employment when the interest of the practitioner may impair the practitioner's independent professional judgment.
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§ 10.63 Withdrawal when the practitioner becomes a witness.
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§ 10.64 Avoiding acquisition of interest in litigation or proceeding before the Office.
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§ 10.65 Limiting business relations with a client.
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§ 10.66 Refusing to accept or continue employment if the interests of another client may impair the independent professional judgment of the practitioner.
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§ 10.67 Settling similar claims of clients.
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§ 10.68 Avoiding influence by others than the client.
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§§ 10.69-10.75 [Reserved]
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§ 10.76 Canon 6.
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§ 10.77 Failing to act competently.
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§ 10.78 Limiting liability to client.
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§§ 10.79-10.82 [Reserved]
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§ 10.83 Canon 7.
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§ 10.84 Representing a client zealously.
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§ 10.85 Representing a client within the bounds of the law.
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§ 10.86 [Reserved]
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§ 10.87 Communicating with one of adverse interest.
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§ 10.88 Threatening criminal prosecution.
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§ 10.89 Conduct in proceedings.
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§§ 10.90-10.91 [Reserved]
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§ 10.92 Contact with witnesses.
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§ 10.93 Contact with officials.
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§§ 10.94-10.99 [Reserved]
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§ 10.100 Canon 8.
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§ 10.101 Action as a public official.
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§ 10.102 Statements concerning officials.
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§ 10.103 Practitioner candidate for judicial office.
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§§ 10.104-10.109 [Reserved]
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§ 10.110 Canon 9.
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§ 10.111 Avoiding even the appearance of impropriety.
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§ 10.112 Preserving identity of funds and property of client.
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§§ 10.113-10.129 [Reserved]
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Investigations and Disciplinary Proceedings
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§ 10.130 Reprimand, suspension or exclusion.
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§ 10.131 Investigations.
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§ 10.132 Initiating a disciplinary proceeding; reference to an administrative law judge.
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§ 10.133 Conference between Director and practitioner; resignation.
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§ 10.134 Complaint.
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§ 10.135 Service of complaint.
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§ 10.136 Answer to complaint.
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§ 10.137 Supplemental complaint.
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§ 10.138 Contested case.
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§ 10.139 Administrative law judge; appointment; responsibilities; review of interlocutory orders; stays.
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§ 10.140 Representative for Director or respondent.
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§ 10.141 Filing of papers.
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§ 10.142 Service of papers.
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§ 10.143 Motions.
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§ 10.144 Hearings.
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§ 10.145 Proof; variance; amendment of pleadings.
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§§ 10.146-10.148 [Reserved]
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§ 10.149 Burden of proof.
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§ 10.150 Evidence.
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§ 10.151 Depositions.
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§ 10.152 Discovery.
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§ 10.153 Proposed findings and conclusions; post-hearing memorandum.
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§ 10.154 Initial decision of administrative law judge.
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§ 10.155 Appeal to the Commissioner.
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§ 10.156 Decision of the Commissioner.
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§ 10.157 Review of Commissioner's final decision.
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§ 10.158 Suspended or excluded practitioner.
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§ 10.159 Notice of suspension or exclusion.
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§ 10.160 Petition for reinstatement.
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§ 10.161 Savings clause.
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§§ 10.162-10.169 [Reserved]
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§ 10.170 Suspension of rules.
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