46 C.F.R. Subpart C—Design, Construction and Equipment
Title 46 - Shipping
(a) Except as required in paragraph (b) of this section, the outer hull steel plating, including the shell and deck plating must meet the material standards of the American Bureau of Shipping published in “Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels” 1981. (b) Along the length of the cargo area, grades of steel must be as follows: (1) The deck stringer and sheer strake must be at least Grade E steel or a grade of steel that has equivalent chemical properties, mechanical properties, and heat treatment, and that is specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). (2) The strake at the turn of the bilge must be Grade D, Grade E, or a grade of steel that has equivalent chemical properties, mechanical properties, and heat treatment, and that is specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). (3) The outer hull steel of vessels must meet the standards in §154.172 if the hull steel temperature is calculated to be below −5 °C (23 °F) assuming: (i) For any waters in the world, the ambient cold conditions of still air at 5 °C (41 °F) and still sea water at 0 °C (32 °F); (ii) For cargo containment systems with secondary barriers, the temperature of the secondary barrier is the design temperature; and (iii) For cargo containment systems without secondary barriers, the temperature of the cargo tank is the design temperature. [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983; CGD 77–069, 52 FR 31630, Aug. 21, 1987] (a) Except as allowed in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, plates, forgings, forged and rolled fittings, and rolled and forged bars and shapes used in the construction of the contiguous steel hull structure must meet the thickness and steel grade in Table 1 for the temperatures under §§154.174(b) and 154.176(b). (b) for a minimum temperature, determined under §§154,174(b) and 154.176(b), below −25 °C (−13 °F ), the contiguous steel hull structure must meet §54.25–10 for that minimum temperature. (c) If a steel grade that is not listed in Table 1 has the equivalent chemical properties, mechanical properties, and heat treatment of a steel grade that is listed, the steel grade not listed may be specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO), for use in the contiguous hull structure. [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983; CGD 77–069, 52 FR 31630, Aug. 21, 1987] (a) The transverse contiguous hull structure of a vessel having cargo containment systems without secondary barriers must meet the standards of the American Bureau of Shipping published in “Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels”, 1981. (b) The transverse contiguous hull structure of a vessel having cargo containment systems with secondary barriers must be designed for a temperature that is: (1) Colder than the calculated temperature of this hull structure when: (i) The temperature of the secondary barrier is the design temperature, and (ii) The ambient cold condition under §154.176(b)(1)(ii) and (iii) are assumed; or (2) Maintained by the heating system under §154.178. [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 77–069, 52 FR 31630, Aug. 21, 1987] (a) The longitudinal contiguous hull structure of a vessel having cargo containment systems without secondary barriers must meet the standards of the American Bureau of Shipping published in “Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels”, 1981. (b) The longitudinal contiguous hull structure of a vessel having cargo containment systems with secondary barriers must be designed for a temperature that is: (1) Colder than the calculated temperature of this hull structure when: (i) The temperature of the secondary barrier is the design temperature; and (ii) For any waters in the world except Alaskan waters, the ambient cold condition of: (A) Five knots air at −18 °C (0 °F); and (B) Still sea water at 0 °C (32 °F); or (iii) For Alaskan waters the ambient cold condition of: (A) Five knots air at −29 °C (−20 °F); and (B) Still sea water at −2 °C (28 °F); or (2) Maintained by the heating system under §154.178, if, without heat, the contiguous hull structure is designed for a temperature that is colder than the calculated temperature of the hull structure assuming the: (i) Temperature of the secondary barrier is the design temperature; and (ii) Ambient cold conditions of still air at 5 °C (41 °F) and still sea water at 0 °C (32 °F). [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 77–069, 52 FR 31630, Aug. 21, 1987] The heating system for transverse and longitudinal contiguous hull structure must: (a) Be shown by a heat load calculation to have the heating capacity to meet §154.174(b)(2) or §154.176(b)(2); (b) Have stand-by heating to provide 100% of the required heat load and distribution determined under paragraph (a); and (c) Meet Parts 52, 53, and 54 of this chapter. Welding procedure tests for contiguous hull structure designed for a temperature colder than −18 °C (0 °F) must meet §54.05–15 and subpart 57.03 of this chapter. If a portion of the contiguous hull structure is designed for a temperature colder than −34 °C (−30 °F) and is not part of the secondary barrier, each 100m (328 ft.) of full penetration butt welded joints in that portion of the contiguous hull structure must pass the following production weld tests in the position that the joint is welded: (a) Bend tests under §57.06–4 of this chapter. (b) A Charpy V-notch toughness test under §57.06–5 of this chapter on one set of 3 specimens alternating the notch location on successive tests between the center of the weld and the most critical location in the heat affected zone.2 2 The most critical location in the heat affected zone of the weld is based on procedure qualification results, except austenitic stainless steel need have notches only in the center of the weld. (c) If the contiguous hull structure does not pass the test under paragraph (b) of this section, the retest procedures under §54.05–5(c) must be met. For a vessel with membrane tanks, the inner hull plating thickness must meet the deep tank requirements of the American Bureau of Shipping published in “Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels”, 1981. [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 77–069, 52 FR 31630, Aug. 21, 1987] (a) An aluminum cargo tank and its dome must be enclosed by the vessel's hull structure or a separate steel cover. (b) The steel cover for the aluminum cargo tank must meet the steel structural standards of the American Bureau of Shipping published in “Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels”, 1981. (c) The steel cover for the aluminum tank dome must be: (1) At least 3.2 mm ( (2) Separated from the tank dome, except at the support points; and (3) Thermally isolated from the dome. [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 77–069, 52 FR 31630, Aug. 21, 1987] Each vessel must meet the applicable requirements in subchapter S of this chapter. [CGD 79–023, 48 FR 51009, Nov. 4, 1983] (a) For type IG hulls, cargo tanks must be located inboard of: (1) The transverse extent of damage for collision penetration specified in Table 172.180 of this chapter; (2) The vertical extent of damage for grounding penetration specified in Table 172.180 of this chapter; and (3) 30 inches (760 mm) from the shell plating. (b) For type IIG, IIPG, and IIIG hulls, cargo tanks must be located inboard of: (1) The vertical extent of damage for grounding penetration specified in Table 172.180 of this chapter; and (2) 30 inches (760 mm) from the shell plating. (c) In vessels having membrane and semi-membrane tanks, the vertical and transverse extents of damage must be measured to the inner hull. (d) For type IIG, IIPG, and IIIG hulls, cargo tank suction wells may penetrate into the area of bottom damage specified as the vertical extent of damage for grounding penetration in Table 172.180 of this chapter if the penetration is the lesser of 25% of the double bottom height or 13.8 in. (350 mm). [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 79–023, 48 FR 51010, Nov. 4, 1983] Hold spaces must be segregated from machinery and boiler spaces, accommodation, service and control spaces, chain lockers, potable, domestic and feed water tanks, store rooms and spaces immediately below or outboard of hold spaces by a: (a) Cofferdam, fuel oil tank, or single gastight A–60 Class Division of all welded construction in a cargo containment system not required by this part to have a secondary barrier; (b) Cofferdam or fuel oil tank in a cargo containment system required by this part to have a secondary barrier; or (c) If there are no sources of ignition or fire hazards in the adjoining space, single gastight A-O Class Division of all welded construction. In vessels having cargo containment systems required by this part to have a secondary barrier, hold spaces must be segregated from the sea by: (a) A double bottom if the cargo tanks meet this part for design temperatures colder than −10 °C (14 °F); and (b) Wing tanks if the cargo tanks meet this part for design temperatures colder than −55 °C (−67 °F). Cargo liquid or vapor piping must: (a) Be separated from other piping systems, except where an interconnection to inert gas or purge piping is required by §154.901(a); (b) Not enter or pass through any accommodation, service, or control space; (c) Except as allowed under §154.703, not enter or pass through a machinery space other than a cargo pump or compressor room; (d) Be in the cargo area except: (1) As allowed under §154.703; (2) Bow and stern loading piping; and (3) Emergency jettisoning piping. (e) Be above the weather deck except: (1) As allowed under §154.703; (2) Pipes in a trunk traversing void spaces above a cargo containment system; and (3) Pipes for draining, venting, or purging interbarrier and hold spaces; (f) Connect into the cargo containment system above the weather deck except: (1) Pipes in a trunk traversing void spaces above a cargo containment system; and (2) Pipes for draining, venting, or purging interbarrier and hold spaces. (g) Be inboard of the transverse cargo tank location required by §154.235, except for athwartship shore connection manifolds not subject to internal pressure at sea. (a) Cargo pump rooms and cargo compressor rooms must be above the weather deck and must be within the cargo area. (b) Where pumps and compressors are driven by a prime mover in an adjacent gas safe space: (1) The bulkhead or deck must be gastight; and (2) The shafting passing through the bulkhead or deck must be sealed by a fixed oil reservoir gland seal, a pressure grease seal, or another type of positive pressure seal specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] (a) Cargo control stations must be above the weather deck. (b) If a cargo control station is in accommodation, service, or control spaces or has access to such a space, the station must: (1) Be a gas safe space; (2) Have an access to the space that meets §154.330; and (3) Have indirect reading instrumentation, except for gas detectors. (c) Cargo control stations, including a room or area, must contain all alarms, indicators, and remote controls associated with each cargo tank that the station controls. (a) Accommodation, service, and control spaces must be outside the cargo area. (b) If a hold space having a cargo containment system, required by this part to have a secondary barrier, is separated from any accommodation, service, or control space by a cruciform joint, there must be a cofferdam providing at least 760 mm (30 inches) by 760 mm (30 inches) clearance on one side of the cruciform joint. (a) Entrances, forced or natural ventilation intakes and exhausts, and other openings to accommodation, service, or control spaces, except as allowed in paragraph (c) of this section, must be: (1) At least L/25 or 3.05m (10 ft) from the athwartship bulkhead facing the cargo area, whichever is farther, except that the distance need not exceed 5m (16.4 ft); and (2) On a house athwartship bulkhead not facing the cargo area or on the outboard side of the house. (b) Each port light, located on the athwartship bulkhead of a house facing the cargo area or the house sides within the distance specified in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, must be a fixed type. (c) Wheelhouse doors and windows that are not fixed may be within the distance specified in paragraph (a)(1) of this section from the athwartship bulkhead of a house facing the cargo area, if they have gaskets and pass a tightness test with a fire hose at not less than 207 kPa gauge (30 psig). (d) Port lights in the hull plating below the uppermost continuous deck and in the first tier of the superstructure must be a fixed type. (e) Air intakes and openings into accommodation, service, and control spaces must have metal closures that pass a tightness test with a fire hose at not less than 207 kPa gauge (30 psig). (f) On liquefied toxic gas vessels, the closures required in paragraph (e) of this section must be capable of being closed from inside the space. (a) Each cargo tank must have a manhole from the weather deck, the clear opening of which is at least 600 mm by 600 mm (23.6 in. by 23.6 in.). (b) Each access into and through a void space or other gas-dangerous space in the cargo area, except spaces described in paragraph (e) of the definition for “gas-dangerous space” in §154.7, must— (1) Have a clear opening of at least 600 mm by 600 mm (23.6 in. by 23.6 in.) through horizontal openings, hatches, or manholes; (2) Have a clear opening of at least 600 mm by 800 mm (23.6 in. by 31.5 in.) through bulkheads, frames or other vertical structural members; and (3) Have a fixed ladder if the lower edge of a vertical opening is more than 600 mm (23.6 in.) above the deck or bottom plating. (c) Each access trunk in the cargo area must be at least 760 mm (30 in.) in diameter. (d) The lower edge of each access from the weather deck to gas-safe spaces in the cargo area must be at least 2.4 m (7.9 ft.) above the weather deck or the access must be through an air lock that meets §154.345. (e) The inner hull in the cargo area must be accessible for inspection from at least one side without the removal of any fixed structure or fitting. (f) The hold space insulation in the cargo area must be accessible for inspection from at least one side from within the hold space or there must be a means, that is specially approved by the Commandant, of determining from outside the hold space whether or not the hold space insulation meets this part. [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 77–069, 52 FR 31630, Aug. 21, 1987] (a) An air lock may be used for access from a gas-dangerous zone on the weather deck to a gas-safe space. (b) Each air lock must: (1) Consist of two steel doors, at least 1.5 m (4.9 ft.) but not more than 2.5 m (8.2 ft.) apart, each gasketed and tight when tested with a fire hose at not less 207 kPa gauge (30 psig); (2) Have self-closing doors with no latches or other devices for holding them open; (3) Have an audible and visual alarm on both sides which are actuated when both door securing devices are in other than the fully closed position at the same time; (4) Have mechanical ventilation in the space between the doors from a gas-safe area; (5) Have a pressure greater than that of the gas-dangerous area on the weather deck; (6) Have the rate of air change in the space between the doors of at least 8 changes per hour; and (7) Have the space between the doors monitored for cargo vapor leaks under §154.1350. (c) In addition to the requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, no gas-safe space on a liquefied flammable gas carrier may have an air lock unless the space: (1) Is mechanically ventilated to make the pressure in the space greater than that in the air lock; and (2) Has a means of automatically de-energizing all electrical equipment that is not explosion-proof in the space when the pressure in the space falls to or below the pressure in the air lock. (a) Hold, interbarrier, and insulation spaces must have a means of sounding the space or other means of detecting liquid leakage specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). (b) Each hold and insulation space must have a bilge drainage system. (c) Interbarrier spaces must have an eductor or pump for removing liquid cargo and returning it to the cargo tanks or to an emergency jettisoning system meeting §154.356. (d) Spaces in the cargo containment portion of the vessel, except ballast spaces and gas-safe spaces, must not connect to pumps in the main machinery space. [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] (a) Bow and stern loading piping must: (1) Meet §154.310; (2) Be installed in an area away from the accommodation, service, or control space on type IG hulls; (3) Be clearly marked; (4) Be segregated from the cargo piping by a removable spool piece in the cargo area or by at least two shut-off valves in the cargo area that have means of locking to meet §154.1870(a); (5) Have a means for checking for cargo vapor between the two valves under paragraph (a)(4) of this section; (6) Have fixed inert gas purging lines; and (7) Have fixed vent lines for purging with inert gas to meet §154.1870(b). (b) Entrances, forced or natural ventilation intakes, exhausts, and other openings to accommodation, service, or control spaces that face the bow or stern loading area must meet §154.330. Emergency jettisoning piping must: (a) Meet §154.355(a); (b) Be designed to allow cargo discharge without the outer hull steel temperature falling below the minimum temperatures under §§154.170 and 154.172; and (c) Be specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] As used in §§154.440 and 154.447: “σY” means the minimum yield strength of the tank material, including weld metal, at room temperature. “σB” means minimum tensile strength of the tank material, including weld metals, at room temperature. (a) The design vapor pressure (Po) of a cargo tank must be equal to or greater than the MARVS. (b) The Po of a cargo tank must be equal to or greater than the vapor pressure of the cargo at 45 °C (113 °F) if: (1) The cargo tank has no temperature control for the cargo; and (2) The vapor pressure of the cargo results solely from ambient temperature. (c) The Po of a cargo tank may be exceeded under harbor conditions if specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] (a) Calculations must show that a cargo tank and its fixtures are designed for the following loads: (1) Internal pressure head. (2) External pressure load. (3) Dynamic loads resulting from the motion of the vessel. (4) Transient or stationary thermal loads if the design temperature is colder that −55 °C (−67 °F) or causes thermal stresses in cargo tank supports. (5) Sloshing loads, if the cargo tank is designed for partial loads. (6) Loads resulting from vessel's deflection. (7) Tank weight, cargo weight, and corresponding support reaction. (8) Insulation weight. (9) Loads of a pipe tower and any other attachments to the cargo tank. (10) Vapor pressure loads in harbor conditions allowed under §154.405. (11) Gas pressurization if the cargo tank is designed for gas pressurization as a means of cargo transfer. (b) A cargo tank must be designed for the most unfavorable static heel angle within a 0° to 30° range without exceeding the allowable stress of the material. (c) A hydrostatic or hydropneumatic test design load must be specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] (a) For the calculation required under §154.406(a)(1) and (b), the internal pressure head (heq), must be determined from the following formula: heq=10 Po+(hgd)max
where: hgd (the value of internal pressure, in meters of fresh water, resulting from the combined effects of gravity and dynamic accelerations of a full tank)=aβ Zβ Y; where: aβ=dimensionless acceleration relative to the acceleration of gravity resulting from gravitational and dynamic loads in the β direction (see figure 1); Zβ=largest liquid height (m) above the point where the pressure is to be determined in the β direction (see figure 2); Y=maximum specific weight of the cargo (t/m3 ) at the design temperature. (b) The (hgd) max is determined for the β direction, on the ellipse in Figure 1, which gives the maximum value for hgd. (c) When the longitudinal acceleration is considered in addition to the vertical transverse acceleration, an ellipsoid must be used in the calculations instead of the ellipse contained in Figure 1. For the calculation required under §154.406 (a)(2) and (b), the external pressure load must be the difference between the minimum internal pressure (maximum vacuum), and the maximum external pressure to which any portion of the cargo tank may be simultaneously subjected. (a) For the calculation required under §154.406 (a)(3) and (b), the dynamic loads must be determined from the long term distribution of vessel motions, including the effects of surge, sway, heave, roll, pitch, and yaw on irregular seas that the vessel may experience during 108 wave encounters. The speed used for this calculation may be reduced from the ship service speed if specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO) and if that reduced speed is used in the hull strength calculation under §31.10–5(c) of this chapter. (b) If the loads determined under paragraphs (c), (d), or (e) of this section result in a design stress that is lower than the allowable stress of the material under §§154.610, 154.615, or 154.620, the allowable stress must be reduced to that stress determined in paragraphs (c), (d), or (e). (c) If a tank is designed to avoid plastic deformation and buckling, then acceleration components of the dynamic loads must be determined for the largest loads the vessel may experience during an operating life corresponding to the probability level of 10−8, by using one of the following methods: (1) Method 1 is a detailed analysis of the vessel's acceleration components. (2) Method 2 applies to vessels of 50 m (164 ft) or more in length and is an analysis by the following formulae that corresponds to a 10−8 probability level in the North Atlantic: (i) Vertical acceleration under paragraph (f)(1) of this section: (d) If a cargo tank is designed to avoid fatigue, the dynamic loads determined under paragraph (a) of this section must be used to develop the dynamic spectrum. (e) If a cargo tank is designed to avoid uncontrolled crack propagation, the dynamic loads are: (1) Determined under paragraph (a) of this section; and (2) For a load distribution for a period of 15 days by the method in Figure 3. (f) When determining the accelerations for dynamic loads under paragraph (a) of this section, the accelerations acting in a cargo tank must be estimated for the cargo tank's center of gravity and include the following component accelerations: (1) Vertical accelerations, meaning the motion acceleration of heave and pitch, and of any roll normal to the vessel base that has an effect on the component acceleration. (2) Transverse acceleration, meaning the motion acceleration of sway, yaw and roll, and gravity component of roll. (3) Longitudinal acceleration, meaning the motion acceleration of surge and pitch and gravity component of pitch. [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] (a) For the calculation required under §154.406 (a)(5) and (b), the determined sloshing loads resulting from the accelerations under §154.409(f) must be specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). (b) If the sloshing loads affect the cargo tank scantlings, an analysis of the effects of the sloshing loads in addition to the calculation under paragraph (a) of this section must be specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] For the calculations required under §154.406(a)(4), the following determined loads must be specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO): (a) Transient thermal loads for the cooling down periods of cargo tanks for design temperatures lower than −55 °C (−67 °F). (b) Stationary thermal loads for cargo tanks for design temperatures lower than −55 °C (−67 °F) that cause high thermal stress. [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] A cargo tank must be designed with a corrosion allowance if the cargo tank: (a) is located in a space that does not have inert gas or dry air; or (b) carries a cargo that corrodes the tank material. Note: Corrosion allowance for independent tank type C is contained in §54.01–35 of this chapter. An integral tank must not be designed for a temperature colder than −10 °C (14 °F), unless the tank is specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] The Po of an integral tank must not exceed 24.5 kPa gauge (3.55 psig) unless special approval by the Commandant (G-MSO) allows a Po between 24.5 kPa gauge (3.55 psig) and 69 kPa gauge (10 psig). [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] (a) The structure of an integral tank must meet the deep tank scantling standards of the American Bureau of Shipping published in “Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels”, 1981. (b) The structure of an integral tank must be designed and shown by calculation to withstand the internal pressure determined under §154.407. [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 77–069, 52 FR 31630, Aug. 21, 1987] The allowable stress for the integral tank structure must meet the American Bureau of Shipping's allowable stress for the vessel's hull published in “Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels”, 1981. [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 77–069, 52 FR 31630, Aug. 21, 1987] The design of the hull structure and the design of the membrane tank system, that includes the membrane tank, secondary barrier, including welds, the supporting insulation, and pressure control equipment, must be specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] The Po of a membrane tank must not exceed 24.5 kPa gauge (3.55 psig) unless special approval by the Commandant (G-MSO) allows a Po between 24.5 kPa gauge (3.55 psig) and 69 kPa gauge (10 psig). [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] A membrane tank system must be designed for: (a) Any static and dynamic loads with respect to plastic deformation and fatigue; (b) Combined strains from static, dynamic, and thermal loads; (c) Preventing collapse of the membrane from: (1) Over-pressure in the interbarrier space; (2) Vacuum in the cargo tank; (3) Sloshing in a partially filled cargo tank; and (4) Hull vibrations; and (d) The deflections of the vessel's hull. The membrane tank and the supporting insulation must have allowable stresses that are specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] The tank design load calculations for a membrane tank must include the following: (a) Plastic deformation and fatigue life resulting from static and dynamic loads in the membrane and the supporting insulation. (b) The response of the membrane and its supporting insulation to vessel motion and acceleration under the worst weather conditions. Calculations from a similar vessel may be submitted to meet this paragraph. (c) The combined strains from static, dynamic, and thermal loads. (a) The membrane and the membrane supporting insulation must be made of materials that withstand the combined strains calculated under §154.429(c). (b) Analyzed data of a material test for the membrane and the membrane supporting insulation must be submitted to the Commandant (G-MSO). [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] (a) The primary and secondary barrier of a membrane tank, including the corners and joints, must withstand the combined strains from static, dynamic, and thermal loads calculated under §154.429(c). (b) Analyzed data of a model test for the primary and secondary barrier of the membrane tank must be submitted to the Commandant (G-MSO). [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] The support system of a membrane tank must allow for thermal and physical expansion and contraction of the tank. (a) The design of a semi-membrane tank, the supporting insulation for the tank, and the supporting hull structure for the tank must be specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). (b) A semi-membrane tank must be designed to meet: (1) §154.425 through §154.432; (2) §154.437 through §154.440; or (3) §154.444 through §154.449. [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] The Po of a semi-membrane tank must not exceed 24.5 kPa gauge (3.55 psig) unless special approval by the Commandant (G-MSO) allows a Po between 24.5 kPa gauge (3.55 psig) and 69 kPa gauge (10 psig). [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] An independent tank type A must meet §154.438 through §154.440. (a) If the surface of an independent tank type A are mostly flat surfaces,the Po must not exceed 69 kPa gauge (10 psig). (b) If the surfaces of an independent tank type A are formed by bodies of revolution, the design calculation of the Po must be specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] An independent tank type A must meet the deep tank standard of the American Bureau of Shipping published in “Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels”, 1981, and must: (a) Withstand the internal pressure determined under §154.407; (b) Withstand loads from tank supports calculated under §§154.470 and 154.471; and (c) Have a corrosion allowance that meets §154.412. [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 77–069, 52 FR 31630, Aug. 21, 1987] (a) The allowable stresses for an independent tank type A must: (1) For tank web frames, stringers, or girders of carbon manganese steel or aluminum alloys, meet σB/2.66 or σY/1.33, whichever is less; and (2) For other materials, be specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). (b) A greater allowable stress than required in paragraph (a)(1) of this section may be specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO) if the equivalent stress (σc) is calculated from the formula in Appendix A of this part. (c) Tank plating must meet the American Bureau of Shipping's deep tank standards, for an internal pressure head that meets §154.439(a), published in “Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels”, 1981. [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983; CGD 77–069, 52 FR 31630, Aug. 21, 1987] An independent tank type B must be designed to meet §§154.445 through 154.449. If the surfaces of an independent tank type B are mostly flat surfaces, the Po must not exceed 69 kPa gauge (10 psig). An independent tank type B must meet the calculations under §154.448. (a) An independent tank type B designed from bodies of revolution must have allowable stresses3 3 See Appendix B for stress analyses definitions. σm≤ f σL≤ 1.5 f σb≤ 1.5 F σL + σb≤ 1.5 F σm + σb≤ 1.5 F
where: σm=equivalent primary general membrane stress4 4 See Appendix A for equivalent stress. σL=equivalent primary local membrane stress4 σb=equivalent primary bending stress4 f=the lesser of (σB/A) or (σY/B) F=the lesser of (σB/C) or (σY/D) A, B, C, and D=stress factors in Table 2. (b) An independent tank type B designed from plane surfaces must have allowable stresses specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] The following calculations for an independent tank type B must be specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO): (a) Plastic deformation, fatigue life, buckling, and crack propagation resulting from static and dynamic loads on the tank and its support. (b) A three-dimensional analysis of the stress exerted by the hull on the tank, its support, and its keys. (c) The response of the tank and its support to the vessel's motion and acceleration in irregular waves or calculations from a similar vessel. (d) A tank buckling analysis considering the maximum construction tolerance. (e) A finite element analysis using the loads determined under §154.406. (f) A fracture mechanics analysis using the loads determined under §154.406. (g) The cumulative effects of the fatigue load from the following formula:
where: ni=the number of stress cycles at each stress level during the life of the vessel; Ni=the number of cycles to failure for corresponding stress levels from the Wohler (S-N) curve; Nj=the number of cycles to failure from the fatigue load by loading and unloading the tank; and Cw=0.5 or less. A Cw of greater than 0.5 but not exceeding 1.0 may be specially approved by the Commandant (G-MTH). [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] The following analyzed data of a model test of structural elements for independent tank type B must be submitted to the Commandant (G-MSO) for special approval: (a) Stress concentration factors. (b) Fatigue life. [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] Independent tanks type C and process pressure vessels must be designed to meet the requirements under Part 54 of this chapter, except §54.01–40(b), and: (a) The calculation under §54.01–18 (b)(1) must also include the design loads determined under §154.406; (b) The calculated tank plating thickness, including any corrosion allowance, must be the minimum thickness without a negative plate tolerance; and (c) The minimum tank plating thickness must not be less than: (1) 5mm ( (2) 3mm ( (3) 7mm ( The Po (kPa) of an independent tank type C must be calculated by the following formula: Po=196+AC(ρ)3/2
where: A=1.813 (σm/ΔσA)2 ; σm=design primary membrane stress; ΔσA=(allowable dynamic membrane stress for double amplitude at probability level Q=10−8) 53.9 MPa (7821 psi) for ferritic and martensitic steels and 24.5 MPa (3555 psi) for 5083–0 aluminum; C=a characteristic tank dimension that is the greatest of h, 0.75b, or 0.45 l; where: h=the height of the tank or the dimension in the vessel's vertical direction, in meters; b=the width of the tank or the dimension in the vessel's transverse direction; in meters; and l=the length of the tank or the dimension in the vessel's longitudinal direction, in meters; and ρ=the specific gravity of the cargo. The design external pressure, Pe, for an independent tank type C must be calculated by the following formula: Pe=P1+P2+P3+P4
where: P1=the vacuum relief valve setting for tanks with a vacuum relief valve, or 24.5 kPa gauge (3.55 psig) for tanks without a vacuum relief valve. P2=0, or the pressure relief valve setting for an enclosed space containing any portion of a pressure vessel. P3=total compressive load in the tank shell from the weight of the tank, including corrosion allowance, weight of insulation, weight of dome, weight of pipe tower and piping, the effect of the partially filled tank, the effect of acceleration and hull deflection, and the local effect of external and internal pressure. P4=0, or the external pressure from the head of water from any portion of the pressure vessel on exposed decks. If the Commandant (G-MSO) determines during plan review, that a tank designed as an independent tank type C fails to meet the standards under §154.450, §154.451, and 154.452 and can not be redesigned to meet those standards, the tank may be redesigned as an independent tank type A or B. [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] (a) Each cargo tank must have a secondary barrier that meets Table 3 and except as allowed in Table 3, the hull must not be the secondary barrier. (b) If the Commandant (G-MSO) specially approves an integral tank for a design temperature at atmospheric pressure lower than −10 °C (14 °F), the integral tank must have a complete secondary barrier that meets §154.460. (c) If the Commandant (G-MSO) specially approves a semi-membrane tank under the requirements of an independent tank type B, the semi-membrane tank may have a partial secondary barrier specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). (d) If Table 3 allows the hull to be a secondary barrier, the vessel's hull must: (1) Meet §§154.605 through 154.630; and (2) Be designed for the stresses resulting from the design temperature. (14 U.S.C. 632; 46 U.S.C. 369, 375, and 416; 49 U.S.C. 1655(b); 49 CFR 1.46(b)) [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] At static angles of heel up through 30°, a secondary barrier must (a) If a complete secondary barrier is required in §154.459, hold all of the liquid cargo in the cargo tank for at least 15 days under the dynamic loads in §154.409(e); (b) If a partial secondary barrier is permitted in §154.459, hold any leakage of liquid cargo corresponding to the extent of failure under §154.448(a) after initial detection or primary barrier leak for at least 15 days under the dynamic loads in §154.409(e); (c) If the primary barrier fails, prevent the temperature of the vessel's structure from falling below the minimum allowable service temperature of the steel; and (d) Be designed so that a cargo tank failure does not cause a failure in the secondary barrier. If the design temperature is below −10 °C (14 °F), the cargo tank insulation must prevent the temperature of the vessel's hull from cooling below the minimum temperature allowed under §154.172. (a) The insulation for a cargo tank without a secondary barrier must be designed for the cargo tank at the design temperature, and for a vessel operating in: (1) Any waters in the world, except Alaskan waters, for the ambient cold condition of: (i) Five knots air at −18 °C (0 °F); and (ii) Still sea water at 0 °C (32 °F); or (2) Alaskan waters for the ambient cold condition of: (i) Five knots air at −29 °C (20 °F); and (ii) Still sea water at −2 °C (28 °F). (b) The insulation for a cargo tank with a secondary barrier must be designed for the secondary barrier at the design temperature, and the ambient cold conditions listed under paragraph (a)(1) or paragraph (a)(2) of this section. (c) The insulation material must be designed for any loads transmitted from adjacent hull structure. (d) Insulation for cargo tank and piping must meet §38.05–20 of this chapter. (e) Powder or granulated insulation must: (1) Not compact from vibrations of the vessel; (2) Maintain the thermal conductivity listed under §154.467; and (3) Not exert a static pressure greater than the external design pressure of the cargo tank under §154.408. The following insulation information must be submitted for special approval by the Commandant (G-MSO): (a) Compatibility with the cargo. (b) Solubility in the cargo. (c) Absorption of the cargo. (d) Shrinkage. (e) Aging. (f) Closed cell content. (g) Density. (h) Mechanical properties. (i) Thermal expansion. (j) Abrasion. (k) Cohesion. (l) Thermal conductivity. (m) Resistance to vibrations. (n) Resistance to fire and flame spread. (o) The manufacturing and installation details of the insulation including: (1) Fabrication; (2) Storage; (3) Handling; (4) Erection; and (5) Quality control. [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] (a) A cargo tank must have a support system that: (1) prevents movement of the cargo tank under the static and dynamic loads in §154.406; and (2) allows the cargo tank to contract and expand from temperature variation and hull deflection without exceeding the design stress of the cargo tank and the hull. (b) The cargo tank support system must have a key that prevents rotation of the cargo tank. (c) An independent tank must have supports with an antiflotation system that withstands the upward force of the tank without causing plastic deformation that endangers the hull structure when the tank is: (1) Empty; and (2) In a hold space flooded to the summer load draft of the vessel. (a) The cargo tank support system must be designed: (1) For the loads in §154.406(a); (2) To not exceed the allowable stress under this part at a static angle of heel of 30°; (3) To withstand a collision force equal to at least one-half the weight of the cargo tank and cargo from forward and one-quarter the weight of the cargo tank and cargo from aft; and (4) For the largest resulting acceleration in Figure 1, including rotational and translation effects. (b) The cargo tank support design loads in paragraph (a) of this section may be analyzed separately. (a) If a cargo pump in a cargo tank is not accessible for repair when the cargo tank is in use, the cargo tank must have an additional means of cargo transfer, such as another pump or gas pressurization. (b) If cargo is transferred by gas pressurization, the pressurizing line must have a safety relief valve that is set at less than 90 percent of the tank relief valve setting. The cargo liquid and vapor piping and process piping systems must meet the requirements in §§154.503 through 154.562, Subparts 56.01 through 56.35, §§56.50–20 and 56.50–105, and Subparts 56.60 through 56.97 of this chapter. Where thermal movement and movements of the cargo tank and the hull structure may cause stresses that exceed the design stresses, the piping and piping system components and cargo tanks must be protected from movement by: (a) Offsets; (b) Loops; (c) Bends; (d) Mechanical expansion joints including: (1) Bellows; (2) Slip joints; (3) Ball joints; or (e) Other means specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] Mechanical expansion joints in a piping system outside of a cargo tank: (a) May be installed only if offsets, loops or bends cannot be installed due to limited space or piping arrangement; (b) Must be a bellows type; and (c) Must not have insulation or a cover unless necessary to prevent damage. Low temperature piping must be thermally isolated from any adjacent hull structure to prevent the temperature of that structure from dropping below the minimum temperature for the hull material under §154.170. (a) Cargo tanks or piping that are separated from the hull structure by thermal isolation must be electrically bonded to the hull structure by a method under paragraph (c) of this section. (b) A pipe joint or a hose connection fitting that has a gasket must be electrically bonded by a method under paragraph (c) of this section that bonds: (1) Both sides of the connection to the hull structure; or (2) Each side of the connection to the other side. (c) An electrical bond must be made by at least one of the following methods: (1) A metal bonding strap attached by welding or bolting. (2) Two or more bolts that give metal to metal contact between the bolts and the parts to be bonded. (3) Metal to metal contact between adjacent parts under designed operating conditions. A vessel's hull must be protected from low temperature liquid leakage by a drip pan, or other means specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO), at: (a) Each piping connection dismantled on a routine basis; (b) Cargo discharge and loading manifolds; and (c) Pump seals. [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] The cargo loading and discharge crossover headers, cargo hoses, and cargo loading arms must have means to relieve cargo pressure and to remove liquid cargo. (a) The liquid relief valve that protects the cargo piping system from liquid pressure exceeding the design pressure must discharge into: (1) A cargo tank; or (2) A cargo vent mast if that vent mast has a means for the detection and removal of the liquid cargo that is specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). (b) A relief valve on a cargo pump that protects the cargo piping system must discharge into the pump suction. [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] A piping system must be designed to meet the allowable stress values under §56.07–10 of this chapter and, if the design temperature is −110 °C (−166 °F) or lower, the stress analysis must be specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO) and must include: (a) Pipe weight loads; (b) Acceleration loads; (c) Internal pressure loads; (d) Thermal loads; and (e) Loads from the hull. [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] (a) The materials for piping systems must meet §154.625 for the minimum design temperature of the piping, except the material for open ended vent piping may be specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO) if: (1) The temperature of the cargo at the pressure relief valve setting is −55 °C (−67 °F) or warmer; and (2) Liquid can not discharge to the vent piping. (b) Materials for piping outside the cargo tanks must have a melting point of at least 925 °C (1697 °F), except for short lengths of pipes with fire resisting insulation that are attached to the cargo tanks. Pipe lengths without flanges must be joined by one of the following: (a) A butt welded joint with complete penetration at the weld root except that for design temperatures colder than −10 °C (14 °F) the butt weld must be double welded or must be welded using: (1) A backing ring that for design pressures greater than 979 kPa gauge (142 psig) must be removed after the weld is completed; (2) A consumable insert; or (3) An inert gas back-up on the first weld pass. (b) A slip-on welded joint with sleeves and attachment welds is allowed for an open ended pipe with an external diameter of 50 mm (2 in.) or less and a design temperature of −55 °C (−67 °F), or warmer. (c) A socket weld fitting with attachment welds is allowed for pipe with an external diameter of 50 mm (2 in.) or less and a design temperature of −55 °C (−67 °F) or warmer. (d) Screwed couplings are allowed for instrumentation and control piping that meets §56.30–20 and §56.50–105 (a)(4) and (b)(4) of this chapter. (e) A method or fitting specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] Flange connections for pipe joints must meet §56.30–10 and §56.50–105 (a)(4) and (b)(4) of this chapter. (a) A flange must be one of the following types: (1) Welding neck. (2) Slip-on. (3) Socket weld. (b) If the piping is designed for a temperature between −10 °C (14 °F) and −55 °C (−67 °F), the pipe flange may be a: (1) Slip-on type, if the nominal pipe size is 100 mm (4 in.) or less; (2) Socket weld, if the nominal pipe size is 50 mm (2 in.) or less; or (3) Welding neck. (c) If the piping is designed for a temperature lower than −55 °C (−67 °F), the pipe flange must be a welding neck type. (a) Except those connections for tank safety relief valves and for liquid level gauging devices other than those under §§154.536 and 154.1310, liquid and vapor connections on a cargo tank with a MARVS of 69 kPa gauge (10 psig) or lower must have shut-off valves that— (1) Are located as close to the tank as practical; (2) Are capable of local manual operation; and (3) May be remotely controlled. (b) The cargo piping system for a cargo tank with a MARVS of 69 kPa gauge (10 psig) or lower must have at least one remotely controlled quick-closing shut-off valve for closing liquid and vapor piping between vessel and shore that meets §§154.540 and 154.544. [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 77–069, 52 FR 31630, Aug. 21, 1987] (a) Except connections for tank safety relief valves and except for liquid level gauging devices other than those under §§154.536 and 154.1310, liquid and vapor connections on a cargo tank with a MARVS greater than 69 kPa gauge (10 psig) must have, as close to the tank as practical, a: (1) Stop valve capable of local manual operation; and (2) A remotely controlled quick-closing shut-off valve. (b) If the nominal pipe size of a liquid or vapor connection is less than 50 mm (2 in.), an excess flow valve may be substituted for the quick-closing valve under paragraph (a) of this section. (c) One valve may be substituted for the manual controlled stop valve and the remotely controlled quick-closing shut-off valve required under paragraph (a) of this section if that valve: (1) Meets §§154.540 and 154.544; and (2) Is capable of local manual operation. Cargo pumps and cargo compressors must shut-down automatically when the quick-closing shut-off valves under §§154.530 and 154.532 are closed by the emergency shut-down system required under §154.540. Unless the outward flow from a cargo tank is less than the flow through a circular hole of 1.4 mm (0.055 in.) in diameter, cargo tank connections for gauging or measuring devices must have the excess flow, shut-off, or quick-closing shut-off valves under §154.530 or §154.532. A cargo transfer connection must have a: (a) Remotely controlled quick-closing shut-off valve that meets §§154.540 and 154.544; or (b) Blank flange. The quick-closing shut-off valves under §§154.530, 154.532, and 154.538 must have an emergency shut-down system that: (a) Closes all the valves; (b) Is actuated by a single control in at least two locations remote from the quick-closing valves; (c) Is actuated by a single control in each cargo control station under §154.320; and (d) Has fusible elements at each tank dome and cargo loading and discharge manifold that melt between 98 °C (208 °F) and 104 °C (220 °F) and actuate the emergency shut-down system. The quick-closing shut-off valve under §§154.530, 154.532 and 154.538 must: (a) Be a shut-off valve; (b) Close from the time of actuation in 30 seconds or less; (c) Be the fail-closed type; and (d) Be capable of local manual closing. [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 77–069, 52 FR 31630, Aug. 21, 1987] (a) The rated closing flow of vapor or liquid cargo for an excess flow valve must be specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). (b) An excess flow valve allowed under §154.532(b) must close automatically at the rated closing flow. [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] Piping with an excess flow valve must have a vapor or liquid flow capacity that is greater than the rated closing flow under §154.546. If the excess flow valve allowed under §154.532(b) has a bypass, the bypass must be of 1.0 mm (0.0394 in.) or less in diameter. Each of the vessel's liquid and vapor cargo hose for loading or discharging cargo must meet §§154.552 through 154.562. Liquid and vapor cargo hoses must: (a) Not chemically react with the cargo; and (b) Withstand design temperature. Cargo hose that may be exposed to the pressure in the cargo tank, the cargo pump discharge, or the vapor compressor discharge must have a bursting pressure of at least five times the maximum working pressure on the hose during cargo transfer. A cargo hose must have a maximum working pressure not less than the maximum pressure to which it may be subjected and at least 1034 kPa gauge (150 psig). Each cargo hose must be marked with the: (a) Maximum working pressure; and (b) Minimum service temperature for service at other than ambient temperature. (a) Each cargo hose must be of a type that passes a prototype test at a pressure of at least five times its maximum working pressure at or below the minimum service temperature. (b) Each cargo hose must not be the hose used in the prototype test. Each cargo hose must pass a hydrostatic pressure test at ambient temperature of at least one and a half times its specified maximum working pressure but not more than two-fifths its bursting pressure. (a) Each toughness test under §§154.610 through 154.625 must meet Subpart 54.05 of this chapter. (b) If subsize test specimens are used for the Charpy V-notch toughness test, the Charpy V-notch energy must meet Table 54.05–20 (a) of this chapter. Materials for cargo tanks for a design temperature not colder than 0 °C (32 °F) must meet the following: (a) The tank materials must meet §§54.25–1 and 54.25–3 of this chapter. (b) Plates, forgings, rolled and forged bars and shapes must be carbon manganese steel or other material allowed under §§154.615, 154.620, and 154.625. (c) Plates must be normalized or quenched and tempered and where the thickness exceeds 20 mm (0.787 in.), made with fine grain practice, austenitic grain size of five or finer. A control rolling procedure may be substituted for normalizing if specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). Plate for an independent tank type C must also meet the requirements of ASTM A 20 (incorporated by reference, see §154.1) and §54.01–18(b)(5) of this chapter. (d) For integral and independent type A tanks, the American Bureau of Shipping's grade D not exceeding 20 mm (0.787 in.) in thickness, and Grade E hull structural steel are allowed if the steel meets §54.05–10 of this chapter. (e) The tensile properties under paragraph (a) of this section must be determined for: (1) Each plate as rolled; and (2) Each five short ton batch of forgings, forged or rolled fittings, and forged or rolled bars and shapes. (f) The specified yield strength must not exceed 637 MPa (92.43 Ksi) and when it exceeds 490 MPa (71.10 Ksi), the hardness of the weld and the heat affected zone must be specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). (g) The Charpy V-notch impact energy must be determined for: (1) Each plate as rolled; and (2) Each five short ton batch of forgings, forged or rolled fittings and rolled or forged bars and shapes. (h) The orientation and required impact energy of a 10 mm × 10 mm (0.394 in. × 0.394 in.) Charpy V-notch specimen must be: (1) For plates; transverse specimen and 27.4 J (20 ft-lbs); and (2) For forgings, forged and rolled fittings and rolled and forged bars: longitudinal specimen and 41.1 J (30 ft-lbs). (i) The test temperature of the Charpy V-notch specimens is as follows: [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983; USCG–1999–5151, 64 FR 67183, Dec. 1, 1999] Plates, forgings, forged or rolled or forged bars and shapes for cargo tanks and secondary barriers for a design temperature below 0 °C (32 °F) and down to −55 °C (−67 °F) must meet §54.25–10 of this chapter. Plates, forgings and forged or rolled fittings, and rolled, forged or extruded bars and shapes for cargo tanks, secondary barriers, and process pressure vessels for a design temperature below −55 °C (−67 °F) and down to −165 °C (−265 °F) must: (a) Meet §54.25–10(b)(2), §54.25–15, or §54.25–20 of this chapter; or (b) Be of an aluminum alloy that is specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] Pipes, tubes, forgings, castings, bolting, and nuts for cargo and process piping for a design temperature below 0 °C (32 °F) and down to −165 °C (−265 °F) must meet §56.50–105 of this chapter. (a) If a material of a cargo tank is not listed in §§154.610, 154.615 or §154.620, the allowable stress of that material must be specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). (b) For cargo tanks of aluminum alloys with welded connections, the minimum tensile strength (σB) for the calculations under §154.440, §154.447 and §154.450 must be the minimum tensile strength of the alloy in the annealed condition. (c) Increased yield strength and tensile strength of a material at low temperature for independent tanks type A, B, and C must be specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] (a) Cargo tank and process pressure vessel welding must meet Subpart 54.05 and Part 57 of this chapter. (b) Welding consumables used in welding cargo tanks must meet §57.02–4 of this chapter. (c) Independent tanks must meet the following: (1) Each welded joint of the shells must be a full penetration butt weld, except dome to shell connections may have full penetration tee welds. (2) Each nozzle weld must be of the full penetration type, except for small penetrations on domes. (d) Each welded joint in an independent tank type C or in a process pressure vessel must meet Part 54 of this chapter, except that any backing rings must be removed unless specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). (e) Each welded joint in a membrane tank must meet the quality assurance measures, weld procedure qualification, design details, materials, construction, inspection, and production testing of components developed during the prototype testing program that are specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO) under this part. (f) Each welded joint in a semi-membrane tank must meet paragraph (c) or (e) of this section. [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] For a design temperature colder than −10 °C (14 °F), an independent tank type C of: (a) Carbon and carbon-manganese steel must be stress relieved by post-weld heat treatment under §54.25–7 of this chapter or by mechanical stress relief under Subpart 54.30 of this chapter; or (b) Materials other than carbon and carbon manganese steel must be stress relieved as required under Part 54 of this chapter. The procedure for stress relieving must be specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). (a) Pipe welding must meet Part 57 of this chapter. (b) Longitudinal butt welds, in piping that does not meet a standard or specification under §56.60–1 of this chapter, and girth butt welds must meet the following: (1) Butt welds of pipes made from carbon, carbon manganese, or low alloy steels must meet §56.50–105 of this chapter, including the requirements for post-weld heat treatment. (2) Except for piping inside an independent cargo tank type A, B, or C, butt welds must be 100% radiographically tested if the design temperature is lower than −10 °C (14 °F), and: (i) The wall thickness is greater than 10 mm (0.394 in.); or (ii) The nominal pipe diameter is greater than 100 mm (nominal 4 in.). (3) If Table 4 references this section, butt welds for deck cargo piping exceeding 75 mm (3 in.) in diameter must be 100% radiographically tested. (4) Butt welds of pipes not meeting paragraph (b)(2) or (b)(3) of this section must meet the non-destructive testing requirements under Subpart 56.95 of this chapter. Welding procedure tests for cargo tanks for a design temperature colder than 0 °C (32 °F), process pressure vessels, and piping must meet §54.05–15 and Subpart 57.03 of this chapter. Except as allowed under §154.703, cargo tanks must: (a) Have their safety relief valves set at a pressure equal to or greater than the vapor pressure of the cargo at 45 °C (113 °F) but not greater than the MARVS under §154.405; or (b) Be refrigerated by a system meeting §154.702, and each refrigerated incompatible cargo refrigerated by a separate system. (a) Each refrigeration system must: (1) Have enough capacity to maintain the cargo vapor pressure in each cargo tank served by the system below the set pressure of the relief valves under ambient temperatures of 45 °C (113 °F) still air and 32 °C (89.6 °F) still water with the largest unit in the system inoperative; or (2) Have a standby unit with a capacity at least equal to the capacity of the largest refrigeration unit in the system. (b) For the purpose of this section, a “refrigeration unit” includes a compressor and its motors and controls. (c) Each refrigeration system must: (1) Have a heat exchanger with an excess capacity of 25 percent of the required capacity; or (2) A standby heat exchanger. (d) Where cooling water is used in a refrigeration system: (1) The cooling water pump or pumps must be used exclusively for the system; (2) Each pump must have suction lines from sea chests on the port and starboard sides of the vessel; and (3) There must be a standby pump, that may be used for: (i) Non-essential purposes on the vessel; or (ii) Essential purposes on the vessel, if the pump is sized to simultaneously provide for the capacity requirements for the essential purposes and the refrigeration cooling water. (e) Each refrigeration system must use refrigerants that are compatible with the cargo and, for cascade units, with each other. (f) The pressure of the heat transfer fluid in each cooling coil in a tank must be greater than the pressure of the cargo. Unless a cargo tank carrying methane (LNG) can withstand the pressure build up due to boil-off for 21 days, the pressure in the cargo tank must be maintained below the set pressure of the safety relief valve for at least 21 days by: (a) A refrigeration system that meets §154.702; (b) A waste heat or catalytic furnace that burns boil-off gas, and: (1) Maintains the stack exhaust temperature below 535 °C (995 °F); (2) Exhibits no visible flame; and (3) Is specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO); (c) Boilers, inert gas generators, and combustion engines in the main propelling machinery space that use boil-off gas as fuel; or (d) Equipment for services, other than those under paragraph (c) of this section, that use boil-off gas as fuel and that are located: (1) In the main propelling machinery space; or (2) a space specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] (a) Each cargo boil-off fuel system under §154.703(c) must meet §§154.706 through 154.709. (b) The piping in the cargo boil-off fuel system must have a connection for introducing inert gas and for gas freeing the piping in the machinery space. (c) A gas fired main propulsion boiler or combustion engine must have a fuel oil fired pilot that maintains fuel flow as required under §154.1854 if the gas fuel supply is cut-off. (a) Gas fuel lines must not pass through accommodation, service, or control spaces. Each gas fuel line passing through other spaces must have a master gas fuel valve and meet one of the following: (1) The fuel line must be a double-walled piping system with the annular space containing an inert gas at a pressure greater than the fuel pressure. Visual and audible alarms must be installed at the machinery control station to indicate loss of inert gas pressure. (2) The fuel line must be installed in a mechanically exhaust-ventilated pipe or duct, having a rate of air change of at least 30 changes per hour. The pressure in the space between the inner pipe and outer pipe or duct must be maintained at less than atmospheric pressure. Continuous gas detection must be installed to detect leaks in the ventilated space. The ventilation system must meet §154.1205. (b) Each double wall pipe or vent duct must terminate in the ventilation hood or casing under §154.707(a). Continuous gas detection must be installed to indicate leaks in the hood or casing. (a) A ventilation hood or casing must be installed in areas occupied by flanges, valves, and piping at the fuel burner to cause air to sweep across them and be exhausted at the top of the hood or casing. (b) The hood or casing must be mechanically exhaust-ventilated and meet §154.1205. (c) The ventilated hood or casing must have an airflow rate specially approved by the Commandant. (a) Gas fuel lines to the gas consuming equipment must have two fail-closed automatic valves in series. A third valve, designed to fail-open, must vent that portion of pipe between the two series valves to the open atmosphere. (b) The valves under paragraph (a) of this section must be arranged so that loss of boiler forced draft, flame failure, or abnormal gas fuel supply pressure automatically causes the two series valves to close and the vent valve to open. The function of one of the series valves and the vent valve may be performed by a single three-way valve. (c) A master gas fuel valve must be located outside the machinery space, but be operable from inside the machinery space and at the valve. The valve must automatically close when there is: (1) A gas leak detected under §154.706(a)(2) or §154.706(b); (2) Loss of the ventilation under §154.706(a)(2) or §154.707(c); or (3) Loss of inert gas pressure within the double-walled piping system under §154.706(a)(1). (a) The continuous gas detection system required under §154.706(a)(2) and (b) must: (1) Meet §154.1350(c), (d), and (j) through (s); and (2) Have a device that: (i) Activates an audible and visual alarm at the machinery control station and in the wheelhouse if the methane concentration reaches 1.5 percent by volume; and (ii) Closes the master gas fuel valve required under §154.708(c) before the methane concentration reaches 3 percent by volume. (b) The number and arrangement of gas sampling points must be specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] (a) Each cargo tank that has a volume of 20m3 (706 ft.3 ) or less must have at least one pressure relief valve. (b) Each cargo tank that has a volume of more than 20m3 (706 ft.3 ) must have at least two pressure relief valves of the same nominal relieving capacity. (c) Each pressure relief valve must: (1) Meet Subpart 162.018 of this chapter or, if the valve is also capable of vacuum relief and the MARVS is 69 kPa gauge (10 psig) or less, Subpart 162.017 of this chapter, and have at least the capacity required under §154.806; (2) Not be set for a higher pressure than the MARVS; (3) Have a fitting for sealing wire that prevents the set pressure from being changed without breaking the sealing wire; (4) Be fitted on the cargo tank to remain in the vapor phase under conditions of 15° list and of 0.015 L trim by both the bow and stern; (5) Vent to a vent mast under §154.805, except a relief valve may vent to a common tank relief valve header if the back pressure is included in determining the required capacity under §154.806; (6) Not vent to a common header or common vent mast if the relief valves are connected to cargo tanks carrying chemically incompatible cargoes; (7) Not have any stop valves or other means of isolating the cargo tank from its relief valve unless: (i) The stop valves are interlocked or arranged so that only one pressure relief valve is out of service at any one time; (ii) The interlock arrangement automatically shows the relief valve that is out of service; and (iii) The other valves have the relieving capacity required under §154.806, or all relief valves on the cargo tank are the same size and there is a spare of the same size, or there is a spare for each relief valve on a cargo tank. (d) The pressure relief system must: (1) If the design temperature is below 0 °C (32 °F), be designed to prevent the relief valve from becoming inoperative due to ice formation; and (2) Be designed to prevent chattering of the relief valve. [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979; 44 FR 59234, Oct. 15, 1979] Cargo tanks with more than one relief valve setting must have one of the following arrangements: (a) Relief valves that: (1) Are set and sealed under §154.801(c); (2) Have the capacity under §154.806; and (3) Are interlocked so that cargo tank venting can occur at any time. (b) Relief valves that have spacer pieces or springs that: (1) Change the set pressure without pressure testing to verify the new setting; and (2) Can be installed without breaking the sealing wire required under §154.801(c)(3). (a) Except as allowed under paragraph (b) of this section, each cargo tank must have a vacuum protection system meeting paragraph (a)(1) of this section and either paragraph (a)(2) or (a)(3) of this section. (1) There must be a means of testing the operation of the system. (2) There must be a pressure switch that operates an audible and visual alarm in the cargo control station identifying the tank and the alarm condition and a remote group audible and visual alarm in the wheelhouse. Both alarms must be set at or below 80% of the maximum external design pressure differential of the cargo tanks. There must be a second, independent pressure switch that automatically shuts off all suction of cargo liquid or vapor from the cargo tank and secures any refrigeration of that tank at or below the maximum external design pressure differential. (3) There must be a vacuum relief valve that: (i) Has a gas flow capacity at least equal to the maximum cargo discharge rate per tank; (ii) Is set to open at or below the maximum external design pressure differential; and (iii) Admits inert gas, cargo vapor from a source other than a cargo vapor header, or air except as prohibited under §154.1710. (b) A vacuum protection system does not have to be installed if the cargo tank is designed to withstand: (1) A maximum external pressure differential exceeding 24.5 kPa gauge (3.55 psig); and (2) The maximum external pressure differential that can be obtained: (i) At maximum discharge rates with no vapor return to the cargo tanks; (ii) By operation of the cargo refrigeration system; or (iii) By drawing off vapor for use in accordance with §154.703(c) [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979; 44 FR 59234, Oct. 15, 1979] Relief valves or common vent headers from relief valves must discharge to a vent mast that: (a) Discharges vertically upward; (b) Has a rain cap or other means of preventing the entrance of rain or snow; (c) Has a screen with 25mm (1 inch) wire mesh or bars not more than 25mm (1 in.) apart on the discharge port; (d) Extends at least to a height of B/3 or 6m (19.7 ft.), whichever is greater, above the weather deck and 6m (19.7 ft.) above the working level; (e) For a cargo tank, does not exhaust cargo vapors within a radius of B or 25m (82 ft.), whichever is less, from any forced or natural ventilation intake or other opening to an accommodation, service, control station, or other gas-safe space, except that for vessels less than 90m (295 ft.) in length, shorter distances may be specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO); (f) For a containment system, except a cargo tank, does not exhaust vapor within a radius of 10m (32.8 ft.) or less from any forced or natural ventilation intake or other opening to an accommodation, service, control station, or other gas-safe space; (g) Has drains to remove any liquid that may accumulate; and (h) Prevents accumulations of liquid at the relief valves. [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] Pressure relief valves for each cargo tank must have a combined relief capacity, including the effects of back pressure from vent piping, headers, and masts, to discharge the greater of the following with not more than a 20% rise in cargo tank pressure above the set pressure of the relief valves: (a) The maximum capacity of an installed cargo tank inerting system if the maximum attainable working pressure of the cargo tank inerting system exceeds the set pressure of the relief valves. (b) The quantity of vapors generated from fire exposure that is calculated under §54.15–25 of this chapter. (a) Each vessel must have a piping system for purging each cargo tank and all cargo piping. (b) The piping system must minimize the pocketing of gas or air remaining after purging. (c) For cargo tanks certificated to carry flammable gases, the piping system must allow purging the tank of flammable vapors before air is introduced and purging the tank of air before the tank is filled with cargo. (d) Each cargo tank must have: (1) Gas sampling points at its top and bottom; and (2) Gas sampling line connections that are valved and capped above the deck. (a) Vessels certificated to carry flammable cargo in cargo containment systems with full secondary barriers must have an inert gas system or onboard storage of inert gas that provides enough inert gas to meet the requirements of §154.1848 for 30 days consumption. (b) Vessels certificated to carry flammable cargo in cargo containment systems with partial secondary barriers must: (1) Have an inert gas system or onboard inert gas storage that can inert the largest hold and interbarrier space so that the oxygen concentration is 8 percent or less by volume; and (2) Meet paragraph (a) or (c)(2) of this section. (c) Vessels certificated to carry only nonflammable cargo in cargo containment systems with secondary barriers must: (1) Meet paragraph (a) of this section; or (2) Have air drying systems that reduce the dewpoint of air admitted to hold or interbarrier spaces below the temperature of any surface in those spaces or −45 °C (−49 °F), whichever is warmer. (d) Vessels with refrigerated independent tanks type C must have inert gas or air drying systems that reduce the dewpoint of any inert gas or air admitted to the hold spaces below the temperature of any surface in those spaces or −45 °C (−49 °F), whichever is warmer. (a) Inert gas carried or generated to meet §§154.901, 154.902, and 154.1848 must be non-flammable and non-reactive with the cargoes that the vessel is certificated to carry and the materials of construction of the cargo tanks, hold and interbarrier spaces, and insulation. (b) The boiling point and dewpoint at atmospheric pressure of the inert gas must be below the temperature of any surface in those spaces or −45 °C (−49 °F), whichever is warmer. (c) For the temperatures and pressures at which the gas is stored and used, storage vessels and inert gas piping must meet §§154.450 and 154.500 respectively. The inert gas system must have: (a) At least one check valve in the cargo area to prevent the back flow of cargo vapor into the inert gas system, or another means specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO); (b) If the inert gas system is in the machinery space or another space outside the cargo area, a second check valve in the cargo area meeting paragraph (a) of this section; (c) Automatic and manual inert gas pressure controls; and (d) Valves to isolate each inerted space. [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] The inert gas generator must: (a) Produce an inert gas containing less than 5% oxygen by volume; (b) Have a device to continuously sample the discharge of the generator for oxygen content; and (c) Have an audible and visual alarm in the cargo control station that alarms when the inert gas contains 5% or more oxygen by volume. (a) Except as allowed in paragraph (b) of this section, an inert gas generator must be located in the main machinery space or a space that is not in the cargo area and does not have direct access to any accommodation, service, or control space. (b) An inert gas generator that does not use flame burning equipment may be located in the cargo area if specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] Inert gas piping must not pass through or terminate in an accommodation, service, or control space. Inerted spaces must be fitted with relief valves, rupture discs, or other devices specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979; CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 39629, Sept. 1, 1983] Sections 154.1005 through 154.1020 apply to flammable cargo and ammonia carriers. For the purposes of §§154.1005 through 154.1020, “gas-dangerous” does not include the weather deck of an ammonia carrier. (a) Electrical equipment that is required to be intrinsically safe or explosion proof under §154.1010 must be specially approved by the Commandant or listed as intrinsically safe or explosion proof by an independent laboratory that is specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO), for Class I Division I locations and the Group that is specified in Table 4 for the cargo carried. (b) Each submerged cargo pump motor installation must be specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). (c) Electrical equipment that must be intrinsically safe to meet §154.1010 must meet the definition in §110.15–100(i) of this chapter. (d) Electrical equipment that must be explosion proof to meet §154.1010 must meet §110.15–65(e) of this chapter. [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] (a) Except as allowed in this section, electrical equipment must not be installed in a gas-dangerous space or zone. (b) Intrinsically safe electrical equipment and wiring may be in a gas-dangerous space or zone. (c) A submerged cargo pump motor may be in a cargo tank if: (1) Low liquid level, motor current, or pump discharge pressure automatically shuts down power to the pump motor if the pump loses suction; (2) There is an audible and visual alarm at the cargo control station that actuates if the motor shuts down under the requirements of paragraph (c)(1) of this section; and (3) There is a lockable circuit breaker or lockable switch that disconnects the power to the motor. (d) A supply cable for a submerged cargo pump motor may be in a hold space. (e) A hold space that has a tank that is not required to have a secondary barrier under §154.459 may only have: (1) Through runs of cable; (2) Explosion-proof lighting fixtures; (3) Depth sounding devices in gas-tight enclosures; (4) Log devices in gas-tight enclosures; and (5) Impressed current cathodic protection system electrodes in gas-tight enclosures. (f) A space that is separated by a gastight steel boundary from a hold space that has a cargo tank that must have a secondary barrier, under the requirements of §154.459, may only have: (1) Through runs of cable; (2) Explosion-proof lighting fixtures; (3) Depth sounding devices in gastight enclosures; (4) Log devices in gastight enclosures; (5) Impressed current cathodic protection system electrodes in gastight enclosures; (6) Explosion-proof motors that operate cargo system valves or ballast system valves; and (7) Explosion-proof bells for general alarm systems. (g) A cargo handling room may only have: (1) Explosion-proof lighting fixtures; and (2) Explosion-proof bells for general alarm systems. (h) A space for cargo hose storage may only have: (1) Explosion-proof lighting fixtures; and (2) Through runs of cable. (i) A space that has cargo piping may only have: (1) Explosion-proof lighting fixtures; and (2) Through runs of cable. (j) A gas-dangerous zone on the weather deck may only have: (1) Explosion-proof equipment that is for the operation of the vessel; and (2) Through runs of cable. (k) A space, except those under paragraphs (e) through (j) of this section, that has a direct opening to a gas-dangerous space or zone may only have the electrical equipment allowed in the gas-dangerous space or zone. (a) Each gas-dangerous space that has lighting fixtures must have at least two branch circuits for lighting. (b) Each switch and each overcurrent protective device for any lighting circuit that is in a gas-dangerous space must open each conductor of the circuit simultaneously. (c) Each switch and each overcurrent protective device for lighting in a gas-dangerous space must be in a gas-safe space. The emergency generator must be designed to allow operation at the final angle of heel under §154.230(a). Firefighting System: Exterior Water Spray Each liquefied flammable gas vessel and each liquefied toxic gas vessel must have an exterior water spray system that meets §§154.1110 through 154.1135. Each water spray system must protect: (a) All cargo tank surfaces that are not covered by the vessel's hull structure or a steel cover; (b) Each cargo tank dome; (c) Each on-deck storage vessel for flammable or toxic liquefied gases; (d) Each cargo discharge and loading manifold; (e) Each quick-closing valve under §§154.530, 154.532, and 154.538, and other control valves essential to cargo flow; (f) Each boundary facing the cargo area of each superstructure that contains accommodation, service, or control spaces; (g) Each boundary facing the cargo area of each deckhouse that contains accommodation, service, or control spaces; and (h) Each boundary of each deckhouse that is within the cargo area and that is manned during navigation of the vessel or during cargo transfer operations, except the deckhouse roof if it is 2.4 m (8 ft.) or higher above the cargo containing structure. [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979; 44 FR 59234, Oct. 15, 1979] (a) The discharge density of each water spray system must be at least: (1) 10000 cm3 /m2 /min. (0.25 gpm/ft.2 ) over each horizontal surface; and (2) 4000 cm3 /m2 /min. (0.10 gpm/ft.2 ) against vertical surface, including the water rundown. (b) The water spray protection under §154.1110 (d) and (e) must cover an area in a horizontal plane extending at least 0.5 m (19 in.) in each direction from the pipes, fittings, and valves, or the area of the drip tray, whichever is greater. (a) Nozzles for the water spray system must be spaced to provide the minimum discharge density under §154.1115 in each part of the protected area. (b) The vertical distance between water spray nozzles for the protection of vertical surfaces must be 3.7 m (12 ft.) or less. (a) Each pipe, fitting, and valve for each water spray system must meet Part 56 of this chapter. (b) Each water spray main that protects more than one area listed in §154.1110 must have at least one isolation valve at each branch connection and at least one isolation valve downstream of each branch connection to isolate damaged sections. (c) Each valved cross-connection from the water spray system to the fire main must be outside of the cargo area. (d) Each pipe, fitting, and valve for the water spray system must be made of fire resistant and corrosion resistant materials, such as galvanized steel or galvanized iron pipe. (e) Each water spray system must have a means of drainage to prevent corrosion of the system and freezing of accumulated water in subfreezing temperatures. (f) Each water spray system must have a dirt strainer that is located at the water spray system manifold or pump. (a) If a water spray system is divided into sections, each section must at least include the entire deck area bounded by the length of a cargo tank and the full beam of the vessel. (b) If a water spray system is divided into sections, the control valves must be at a single manifold that is aft of the cargo area. (a) Water to the water spray system must be supplied by: (1) A pump that is only for the use of the system; (2) A fire pump; or (3) A pump specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). (b) Operation of a water spray system must not interfere with simultaneous operation of the fire main system at its required capacity. There must be a valved cross-connection between the two systems. (c) Except as allowed under paragraph (d) of this section, each pump for each water spray system must have the capacity to simultaneously supply all areas named in §154.1110. (d) If the water spray system is divided into sections, the pump under paragraph (a) of this section must have the capacity to simultaneously supply the required discharge density under §154.1115(a) for: (1) The areas in §§154.1110(f) through (h) and 154.1115(b); and (2) The largest section that includes the required protection under §154.1110 (a), (b), and (c). [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] Each liquefied flammable gas carrier must have a dry chemical firefighting system that meets §§154.1145 through 154.1170, Part 56 and Subpart 162.039 of this chapter. (a) A vessel with a cargo carrying capacity less that 1000 m3 (35,300 ft.3 ) must have at least one self-contained dry chemical storage unit for the cargo area with an independent inert gas pressurizing source adjacent to each unit. (b) A vessel with a cargo carrying capacity of 1000 m3 (35,300 ft.3 ) or more must have at least two self-contained dry chemical storage units for the cargo area with an independent inert gas pressurizing source adjacent to each unit. (c) A vessel with bow and stern loading and discharge areas must have at least one self-contained dry chemical storage unit with an independent inert gas pressurizing source adjacent to the unit for each area. (d) Each dry chemical storage unit and associated piping must be designed for: (1) Sequential discharge of each hose line and each monitor for 45 seconds; and (2) Simultaneous discharge of all hose lines and monitors for 45 seconds. (e) Each fully charged dry chemical storage unit must have the greater of the following: (1) Enough dry chemical to provide for sequential discharge of each attached hose and monitor for 45 seconds. (2) Enough dry chemical to provide for simultaneous discharge of all attached hoses and monitors for 45 seconds. (a) All locations on the above deck cargo area and the cargo piping outside that cargo area must be protected by: (1) At least two dry chemical hand hose lines; or (2) At least one dry chemical hand hose line and one dry chemical monitor. (b) At least one dry chemical storage unit and hand hose line or monitor must be at the after end of the cargo areas. (c) Each cargo loading and discharge manifold must be protected by at least one dry chemical monitor. The coverage for the area for a hand hose line under §154.1150 must not exceed the length of the hand hose line except the coverage for the protection of areas that are inaccessible to personnel must not exceed one-half the projection of the hose at its rated discharge, or 10 m (32.8 ft.), whichever is less. The coverage of each dry chemical system monitor under §154.1150 must not exceed: (a) 10 m (32.8 ft.) at 10 kg/sec (22 lb/sec); (b) 30 m (98.4 ft.) at 25 kg/sec (55 lb/sec); (c) 40 m (131.2 ft.) at 45 kg/sec (99 lb/sec); (d) An interpolation between 10 m (32.8 ft.) at 10 kg/sec (22 lb/sec) and 30 m (98.4 ft.) at 25 kg/sec (55 lb/sec); or (e) An interpolation between 30 m (98.4 ft.) at 25 kg/sec (55 lb/sec) and 40 m (131.2 ft.) at 45 kg/sec (99 lb/sec). (a) Each dry chemical hand hose line must be one that can be actuated at its hose reel or hose storage cabinet. (b) Each dry chemical monitor must be one that can be actuated and controlled at the monitor. (c) A dry chemical monitor for the cargo loading and discharging manifold areas must be one that can be: (1) Actuated from a location other than the monitor and manifold area; and (2) Except for pre-aimed monitors, controlled from a location other than the monitor and manifold area. (d) Each dry chemical storage unit must have independent piping with a stop valve in the piping for each remote hand hose line and remote monitor where the piping connects to the storage container, if the unit has: (1) More than one hand hose line; (2) More than one monitor; or (3) A combination of hand hose lines and monitors. (e) Each stop valve under paragraph (d) of the section must be capable of: (1) Manual operation; and (2) Being opened from the hose reel or monitor to which it is connected. (f) Damage to any dry chemical system hose, monitor, pipe or control circuits must not prevent the operation of other hoses, monitors, or control circuit that are connected to the same storage unit. Each dry chemical hand hose line must: (a) Not be longer than 33m (108 ft.); (b) Be stored on a hose reel or in a hose cabinet and be one that is operable whether or not it is unwound from a hose reel or removed from a hose cabinet; (c) Be non-kinkable; (d) Have a nozzle with a valve to start and stop the flow of chemical; (e) Have a capacity of at least 3.5 kg/sec (7.7 lb./sec); and (f) Be one that can be operated by one person. (a) Each cargo compressor room, pump room, gas-dangerous cargo control station, and space that contains cargo handling equipment must have a fixed, exhaust-type mechanical ventilation system. (b) The following must have a supply-type mechanical ventilation system: (1) Each space that contains electric motors for cargo handling equipment. (2) Each gas-safe cargo control station in the cargo area. (3) Each gas-safe space in the cargo area. (4) Each space that contains inert gas generators, except main machinery spaces. (a) Each exhaust type mechanical ventilation system required under §154.1200 (a) must have ducts for vapors from the following: (1) The deck level. (2) Bilges. (3) If the vapors are lighter than air, the top of each space that personnel enter during cargo handling operations. (b) The discharge end of each duct under paragraph (a) of this section must be at least 10 m (32.8 ft.) from ventilation intakes and openings to accommodations, service, control station, and other gas-safe spaces. (c) Each ventilation system under §154.1200 (a) and (b)(1) must change the air in that space and its adjoining trunks at least 30 times each hour. (d) Each ventilation system for a gas-safe cargo control station in the cargo area must change the air in that space at least eight times each hour. (e) A ventilation system must not recycle vapor from ventilation discharges. (f) Each mechanical ventilation system must have its operational controls outside the ventilated space. (g) No ventilation duct for a gas-dangerous space may pass through any machinery, accommodation, service, or control space, except as allowed under §154.703. (h) Each electric motor that drives a ventilation fan must not be within the ducts for any space that may contain flammable cargo vapors. (i) Ventilation impellers and the housing in way of those impellers on a flammable cargo carrier must meet one of the following: (1) The impeller, housing, or both made of non-metallic material that does not generate static electricity. (2) The impeller and housing made of non-ferrous material. (3) The impeller and housing made of austenitic stainless steel. (4) The impeller and housing made of ferrous material with at least 13mm (0.512 in.) tip clearance. (j) No ventilation fan may have any combination of fixed or rotating components made of an aluminum or magnesium alloy and ferrous fixed or rotating components. (k) Each ventilation intake and exhaust must have a protective metal screen of not more than 13mm (0.512 in.) square mesh. (a) Each hold space, void space, cofferdam, and spaces containing cargo piping must have: (1) A fixed mechanical ventilation system; or (2) A fixed ducting system that has a portable blower that meets §154.1205(i) and (j). (b) A portable blower in any personnel access opening must not reduce the area of that opening so that the opening does not meet §154.340. (a) If Table 4 lists a closed gauge for a cargo, the liquid level gauging system under §154.1305 must be closed gauges that do not have any opening through which cargo liquid or vapor could escape, such as an ultrasonic device, float type device, electronic or magnetic probe, or bubble tube indicator. (b) If Table 4 lists a restricted gauge for a cargo, the liquid level gauging system under §154.1305 must be closed gauges that meet paragraph (a) of this section or restricted gauges that do not vent the cargo tank's vapor space, such as a fixed tube, slip tube, or rotary tube. (a) Each cargo tank must have at least one liquid level gauging system that is operable: (1) At pressures up to, and including, the MARVS of the tank; and (2) At temperatures that are within the cargo handling temperature range for all cargoes carried. (b) Unless the cargo tank has one liquid gauging system that can be repaired and maintained when the tank contains cargo, each cargo tank must have at least two liquid level gauging systems that meet paragraph (a) of this section. (c) Each liquid level gauging system must measure liquid levels from 400 mm (16 in.) or less from the lowest point in the cargo tank, except collection wells, to 100 percent full. Each closed gauge that is not mounted directly on the cargo tank must have a shut-off valve that is as close to the tank as practical. Each restricted gauge that penetrates a cargo tank must have an excess flow valve unless the gauge meets §154.536. (a) Cargo tanks may have sighting ports as a secondary means of liquid level gauging in addition to the gauges under §154.1305, if: (1) The tank has a MARVS that is less than 69 kPa gauge (10 psig); (2) The port has a protective cover and an internal scale; and (3) The port is above the liquid level. (b) Tubular gauge glasses must not be liquid level gauges for cargo tanks. (c) Plate type gauge glasses must not be liquid level gauges for cargo tanks, except deck tanks if the gauge connections have excess flow valves. Except as allowed under §154.1330, each cargo tank must have a high liquid level alarm system that: (a) Is independent of the liquid level gauging system under §154.1305; (b) Actuates quick-closing valves under §§154.530, 154.532, and 154,538 or a stop valve in the cargo tank loading line to prevent the tank from becoming 100 percent liquid full and without causing the pressure in the loading lines to exceed the design pressure; and (c) Actuates an audible and visual alarm at the cargo control station at the liquid level at which the valves under paragraph (b) of this section are actuated or at some lower liquid level. Independent tanks type C need not have the high liquid level alarm system under §154.1325 if: (a) The tank volume is less than 200 m3 (7,060 ft.3 ); or (b) The tank can withstand the maximum possible pressure during loading, that pressure is below the relief valve setting, and overflow of the tank cannot occur. (a) Each cargo tank must have the following: (1) A pressure gauge that: (i) Monitors the vapor space; (ii) Is readable at the tank; and (iii) Has remote readouts at the cargo control station. (2) If vacuum protection is required under §154.804, a vacuum gauge meeting paragraphs (a)(1)(i), (a)(1)(ii), and (a)(1)(iii) of this section. (b) The vessel must have at least one high pressure alarm that: (1) Actuates before the pressure in any cargo tank exceeds the maximum pressure specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO); and (2) Actuates an audible and visual alarm at the cargo control station, and a remote group alarm in the wheelhouse. (c) If vacuum protection is required under §154.804, the vessel must have at least one low pressure alarm that: (1) Actuates before the pressure in any cargo tank falls below the minimum pressure specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO); and (2) Actuates an audible and visual alarm at the cargo control station, and a remote group alarm in the wheelhouse. (d) At least one pressure gauge must be fitted on each: (1) Enclosed hold; (2) Enclosed interbarrier space; (3) Cargo pump discharge line; (4) Liquid cargo manifold; and (5) Vapor cargo manifold. (e) There must be a local manifold pressure gauge between each manifold stop valve and each hose connection to the shore. [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] (a) Each cargo tank must have devices that measure the temperature: (1) At the bottom of the tank; and (2) Near the top of the tank and below the maximum liquid level allowed under §154.1844. (b) Each device required by paragraph (a) must have a readout at the cargo control station. (c) Except for independent tanks type C, each cargo containment system for a design temperature colder than −55 °C (−67 °F) must have temperature measuring devices that meet the following: (1) The number and location of the devices must be specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). (2) The devices must be within the cargo tank's insulation or on the adjacent hull structure. (3) Each device must show the temperature continuously or at regular intervals of one hour or less. (4) Each device must actuate an audible and visual alarm at the cargo control station and a remote group alarm in the wheelhouse before the temperature of the steel of the adjacent hull structure is cooled below the lowest temperature allowed for the steel under §154.172. (d) For each cargo tank with a design temperature colder than −55 °C (−67 °F), the number and arrangement of the devices that show the temperature of the tank during cool down procedures must be specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO). [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] (a) Each vessel carrying a cargo that is designated with an “I” or “I and T” in Table 4 must have: (1) A fixed flammable gas detection system that meets §154.1350; and (2) Two portable gas detectors that can each measure 0 to 100% of the lower flammable limit of the cargo carried. (b) Each vessel carrying a cargo that is designated with a “T” or “I and T” in Table 4 must have: (1) Two portable gas detectors that show if the concentration of cargo is above or below the threshold limit value listed in 29 CFR 1910.1000 for that cargo; and (2) Fixed gas sampling tubes in each hold space and interbarrier space with: (i) The number of tubes specially approved by the Commandant (G-MSO); (ii) Each tube valved and capped above the main deck unless it is connected to a fixed toxic gas detector; (iii) If the vessel carries cargo that is heavier than the atmosphere of the space, each tube's open end in the lower part of the space; (iv) If the vessel carries cargo that is lighter than the atmosphere of the space, each tube's open end in the upper part of the space; (v) If the vessel carries cargo that is heavier than the atmosphere of the space and another cargo that is lighter than the atmosphere of the space, tubes with their open ends in the lower part of the space and tubes with their open ends in the upper part of the space; and (vi) If the vessel carries cargo that can be both heavier and lighter than the atmosphere of the space, tubes with their open ends in the lower part of the space and tubes with their open ends in the upper part of the space. (c) A vessel that carries methyl bromide or sulfur dioxide must have a fixed gas detection system that is not located in a gas-safe space. (d) A vessel that carries sulfur dioxide must have a fixed gas detection system that meets §154.1350 except paragraph (j). (e) Each alarm under §154.1350(e) on a vessel that carries methyl bromide or sulfur dioxide must be set at or below the threshold limit value listed in 29 CFR 1910.1000 for the cargo carried. [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 82–063b, 48 FR 4782, Feb. 3, 1983] (a) The vessel must have a fixed flammable gas detection system that has sampling points in: (1) Each cargo pump room; (2) Each cargo compressor room; (3) Each motor room for cargo handling machinery; (4) Each cargo control station that is not gas-safe; (5) Each hold space, interbarrier space, and other enclosed spaces, except fuel oil or ballast tanks, in the cargo area, unless the vessel has independent tanks type C; and (6) Each space between the doors of an air lock under §154.345. (b) The sampling points under paragraph (a) of this section must meet §154.1345(b)(2) (iii) through (vi). (c) Gas sampling lines for the flammable gas detection system must not pass through any gas-safe space, except the gas-safe space in which the gas detection equipment is located. (d) Gas detection systems must have a readout with meters that show flammable gas concentration over the concentration or volume ranges under paragraph (t) or (u) of this section. (e) Each flammable gas detection system must have audible and visual alarms that are actuated at a cargo concentration that is 30% or less of the lower flammable limit in air of the cargo carried. (f) Each flammable gas detection system must have an audible and visual alarm for power failure and loss of gas sampling flow. (g) The alarms under paragraphs (e) and (f) of this section must signal in the space where the gas detection system's readout is located and must meet §154.1365. (h) Remote group alarms, that indicate that one of the alarm conditions under paragraphs (e) and (f) of this section exists, must meet §154.1365 and must be in each wheelhouse and in each cargo control station if the gas detection system's readout is not located in those spaces. (i) Each flammable gas detection system must monitor each sampling point at 30 minute or shorter intervals. (j) Electrical equipment for each flammable gas detection system that is in a gas-dangerous space or area must meet §§154.1000 through 154.1015. (k) Each flammable gas detection system must have enough flame arrestors for all gas sampling lines to prevent flame propagation to the spaces served by the system through the sampling lines. (l) Each flammable gas detection system must have a filter that removes particulate matter in each gas sampling line. (m) Each filter under paragraph (l) of this section must be located where it can be removed during vessel operation, unless it can be freed by back pressure. (n) Each flammable gas detection system in a gas-safe space must: (1) Have a shut-off valve in each sampling line from an enclosed space, such as a hold or interbarrier space; and (2) Exhaust gas to a safe location in the open atmosphere and away from all ignition sources. (o) Each flammable gas detection system must not have common sampling lines, except sampling lines may be manifolded at the gas detector location if each line has an automatic valve that prevents cross-communication between sampling points. (p) Each flammable gas detection system must have at least one connection for injecting zero gas and span gas into the system for testing and calibration. (q) Each flammable gas detection system must have span gas for testing and calibration that is of known concentration. (r) The calibration test procedure and type and concentration of span gas under paragraph (q) of this section must be on or in each gas analyzer cabinet. (s) Each flammable gas detection system must have at least one flow meter capable of measuring the flow to the gas analyzer, and must provide a means for ensuring that there is a positive flow in the right direction in each sampling line at all times. (t) Each flammable gas detection system must measure gas concentrations that: (1) Are at least 0% through 200% of the alarm concentration; and (2) Allow calibration of the equipment with span gas. (u) In each hold and each interbarrier space that contains tanks other than independent tanks type A, B, or C, the flammable gas detection system must measure cargo concentrations of 0 to 100% by volume with: (1) An analyzer other than the one under paragraph (t) of this section; or (2) The analyzer under paragraph (t) of this section with a scale switch that automatically returns the analyzer to the concentration range under paragraph (t) of this section when released. The vessel must have a portable analyzer that measures oxygen levels in an inert atmosphere. (a) Each audible alarm must have an arrangement that allows it to be turned off after sounding. For remote group alarms this arrangement must not interrupt the alarm's actuation by other faults. (b) Each visual alarm must be one that can be turned off only after the fault that actuated it is corrected. (c) Each visual alarm must be marked to show the type and, except for remote group alarms, the location of each fault that actuates it. (d) Each vessel must have means for testing each alarm. Each pressure gauge and vacuum gauge under §154.1335(a) must be marked with the maximum and minimum pressures that are specified on the vessel's certificate for the cargo carried. Each readout under §154.1340 for a device that measures temperature in a cargo tank must be marked with the design temperature specified for the cargo tank on the vessel's certificate. (a) Instead of the equipment under §35.30–20 of this chapter, a vessel of less than 25,000 m3 cargo capacity must have the following personnel safety equipment: (1) Six self-contained, pressure-demand-type, air-breathing apparatus approved by the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration (MESA) or the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), each having at least a 30 minute capacity. (2) Nine spare bottles of air for the self-contained air-breathing apparatus, each having at least a 30 minute capacity. (3) Six steel-cored lifelines. (4) Six Type II or Type III flashlights constructed and marked in accordance with ASTM F 1014 (incorporated by reference, see §154.1). (5) Three fire axes. (6) Six helmets that meet ANSI Safety Requirements for Industrial Head Protection, Z–89.1 (1969). (7) Six sets of boots and gloves that are made of rubber or other electrically non-conductive material. (8) Six sets of goggles that meet the specifications of ANSI Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection, Z–87.1 (1979). (9) Three outfits that protect the skin from scalding steam and the heat of a fire, and that have a water resistant outer surface. (10) Three chemical protective outfits that protect the wearers from the particular personnel hazards presented by the cargo vapor. (b) Instead of the equipment under §35.30–20 of this chapter, a vessel of 25,000 m3 cargo capacity or more must have the following personnel safety equipment: (1) Eight self-contained, pressure-demand-type, air-breathing apparatus approved by the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration (MESA) or the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), each having at least a 30 minute capacity. (2) Nine spare bottles of air for the self-contained air-breathing apparatus, each having at least a 30 minute capacity. (3) Eight steel-cored lifelines. (4) Eight Type II or Type III flashlights constructed and marked in accordance with ASTM F 1014 (incorporated by reference, see §154.1). (5) Three fire axes. (6) Eight helmets that meet ANSI Safety Requirements for Industrial Head Protection, Z–89.1 (1969). (7) Eight sets of boots and gloves that are made of rubber or other electrically non-conductive material. (8) Eight sets of goggles that meet the specifications of ANSI Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection, Z–87.1 (1979). (9) Five outfits that protect the skin from scalding steam and the heat of a fire, and that have a water resistant outer surface. (10) Three chemical protective outfits that protect the wearers from the particular personnel hazards presented by the cargo vapor. (c) When Table 4 references this section, a vessel carrying the listed cargo must have the following additional personnel protection equipment: (1) Three self-contained, pressure-demand-type, air-breathing apparatus approved by the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration (MESA) or the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), each having at least a 30 minute capacity. (2) Nine spare bottles of air for the self-contained air-breathing apparatus, each having at least a 30 minute capacity. (3) Three steel-cored lifelines. (4) Three Type II or Type III flashlights constructed and marked in accordance with ASTM F 1014 (incorporated by reference, see §154.1). (5) Three helmets that meet ANSI Safety Requirements for Industrial Head Protection, Z–89.1 (1969). (6) Three sets of boots and gloves that are made of rubber or other electrically non-conductive material. (7) Three sets of goggles that meet the specifications of ANSI Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection, Z–87.1 (1979). (8) Three chemical protective outfits that protect the wearers from the particular personnel hazards presented by the cargo vapor. [CGD 74–289, 44 FR 26009, May 3, 1979, as amended by CGD 77–069, 52 FR 31630, Aug. 21, 1987; CGD 82–042, 17705, May 18, 1988; USCG–1999–5151, 64 FR 67183, Dec. 1, 1999] When Table 4 references this section, a vessel carrying the listed cargo must have: (a) Respiratory protection equipment for each person on board that protects the person from the cargo vapor for at least 5 minutes; and (b) Two additional sets of respiratory protection equipment that: (1) Are stowed in the wheelhouse; and (2) Protects the wearer from the cargo vapor for at least 5 minutes. When Table 4 references this section, a vessel carrying the listed cargo must have a decontamination shower and an eye wash that: (a) Are on the weatherdeck; and (b) Have their location marked EMERGENCY SHOWER in letters: (1) 7.6 cm (3 in.) high; and (2) 5.1 cm (2 in.) wide. Each vessel must have an air compressor to recharge the bottles for the air-breathing apparatus. Each vessel must have: (a) Two stretchers or wire baskets; and (b) Equipment for lifting an injured person from a cargo tank, hold, or void space. One of each item of equipment under §§154.1400 and 154.1420 must be stowed in a marked locker: (a) On the open deck in or adjacent to the cargo area; or (b) In the accommodation house, near to a door that opens onto the main deck. Each vessel must have a copy of the IMO Medical First Aid Guide for Use in Accidents Involving Dangerous Goods, printed by IMO, London, U.K. Each vessel must have the antidotes prescribed in the IMO Medical First Aid Guide for Use in Accidents Involving Dangerous Goods, printed by IMO, London, U.K. for the cargoes being carried.
Title 46: Shipping
PART 154—SAFETY STANDARDS FOR SELF-PROPELLED VESSELS CARRYING BULK LIQUEFIED GASES
Subpart C—Design, Construction and Equipment
Hull Structure
§ 154.170 Outer hull steel plating.
§ 154.172 Contiguous steel hull structure.
Table 1_Minimum Temperature, Thickness, and Steel Grades in Contiguous Hull Structures------------------------------------------------------------------------ Minimum temperature Steel thickness Steel \1\ grade------------------------------------------------------------------------0 °C (32 °F)............ All............... Standards of the American Bureau of Shipping published in ``Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels'', 1981-10 °C (14 °F).......... T[le]112.5 mm (\1/ B 2\ in.). 12.5< t[le]25.5 D mm (1 in.). >25.5 mm (1 E in.).-25 °C (-13 °F)......... t[le]112.5 mm (\1/ D 2\ in.). >12.5 mm (\1/2\ E in.).------------------------------------------------------------------------\1\ Steel grade of the American Bureau of Shipping published in ``Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels'', 1981.
§ 154.174 Transverse contiguous hull structure.
§ 154.176 Longitudinal contiguous hull structure.
§ 154.178 Contiguous hull structure: Heating system.
§ 154.180 Contiguous hull structure: Welding procedure.
§ 154.182 Contiguous hull structure: Production weld test.
§ 154.188 Membrane tank: Inner hull steel.
§ 154.195 Aluminum cargo tank: Steel enclosure.
Ship Survival Capability and Cargo Tank Location
§ 154.200 Stability requirements: General.
§ 154.235 Cargo tank location.
Ship Arrangements
§ 154.300 Segregation of hold spaces from other spaces.
§ 154.305 Segregation of hold spaces from the sea.
§ 154.310 Cargo piping systems.
§ 154.315 Cargo pump and cargo compressor rooms.
§ 154.320 Cargo control stations.
§ 154.325 Accommodation, service, and control spaces.
§ 154.330 Openings to accommodation, service, or control spaces.
§ 154.340 Access to tanks and spaces in the cargo area.
§ 154.345 Air locks.
§ 154.350 Bilge and ballast systems in the cargo area.
§ 154.355 Bow and stern loading piping.
§ 154.356 Cargo emergency jettisoning piping.
Cargo Containment Systems
§ 154.401 Definitions.
§ 154.405 Design vapor pressure (Po) of a cargo tank.
§ 154.406 Design loads for cargo tanks and fixtures: General.
§ 154.407 Cargo tank internal pressure head.
§ 154.408 Cargo tank external pressure load.
§ 154.409 Dynamic loads from vessel motion.
§ 154.410 Cargo tank sloshing loads.
§ 154.411 Cargo tank thermal loads.
§ 154.412 Cargo tank corrosion allowance.
Integral Tanks
§ 154.418 General.
§ 154.419 Design vapor pressure.
§ 154.420 Tank design.
§ 154.421 Allowable stress.
Membrane Tanks
§ 154.425 General.
§ 154.426 Design vapor pressure.
§ 154.427 Membrane tank system design.
§ 154.428 Allowable stress.
§ 154.429 Calculations.
§ 154.430 Material test.
§ 154.431 Model test.
§ 154.432 Expansion and contraction.
Semi-Membrane Tanks
§ 154.435 General.
§ 154.436 Design vapor pressure.
Independent Tank Type A
§ 154.437 General.
§ 154.438 Design vapor pressure.
§ 154.439 Tank design.
§ 154.440 Allowable stress.
Independent Tank Type B
§ 154.444 General.
§ 154.445 Design vapor pressure.
§ 154.446 Tank design.
§ 154.447 Allowable stress.
Table 2_Values for Stress Factors------------------------------------------------------------------------ Nickel steel and carbon Austenitic Aluminum manganese steel alloy steel values values values------------------------------------------------------------------------Stress factors: A.............................. 4.0 4.0 4.0 B.............................. 2.0 1.6 1.5 C.............................. 3.0 3.0 3.0 D.............................. 1.5 1.5 1.5------------------------------------------------------------------------
§ 154.448 Calculations.
§ 154.449 Model test.
Independent Tank Type C and Process Pressure Vessels
§ 154.450 General.
§ 154.451 Design vapor pressure.
§ 154.452 External pressure.
§ 154.453 Failure to meet independent tank type C standards.
Secondary Barrier
§ 154.459 General.
Table 3_Secondary Barriers for Tanks---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cargo temperature (T) at atmospheric pressure --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Tank type T<-10 °C (14 T>=-10 °C (14 °F)>=55 °C (-67 T<-55 °C (-67 °F) °F) °F)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Integral............................ No secondary barrier Tank type not usually Tank type not allowed. required. allowed \1\.Membrane............................ ......do................ Complete secondary Complete secondary barrier \1\. barrier.Semi-membrane....................... ......do................ ......do............... Do.Independent: Type A............................ ......do................ ......do............... Do. Type B............................ ......do................ Partial secondary Partial secondary barrier \1\. barrier. Type C............................ ......do................ No secondary barrier No secondary barrier required. required.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\1\ The hull may be a secondary barrier.
§ 154.460 Design criteria.
Insulation
§ 154.465 General.
§ 154.466 Design criteria.
§ 154.467 Submission of insulation information.
Support System
§ 154.470 General.
§ 154.471 Design criteria.
§ 154.476 Cargo transfer devices and means.
Cargo and Process Piping Systems
§ 154.500 Cargo and process piping standards.
§ 154.503 Piping and piping system components: Protection from movement.
§ 154.506 Mechanical expansion joint: Limits in a piping system.
§ 154.512 Piping: Thermal isolation.
§ 154.514 Piping: Electrical bonding.
§ 154.516 Piping: Hull protection.
§ 154.517 Piping: Liquid pressure relief.
§ 154.519 Piping relief valves.
§ 154.520 Piping calculations.
§ 154.522 Materials for piping.
§ 154.524 Piping joints: Welded and screwed couplings.
§ 154.526 Piping joints: Flange connection.
§ 154.528 Piping joints: Flange type.
§ 154.530 Valves: Cargo tank MARVS 69 kPa gauge (10 psig) or lower.
§ 154.532 Valves: Cargo tank MARVS greater than 69 kPa gauge (10 psig).
§ 154.534 Cargo pumps and cargo compressors.
§ 154.536 Cargo tank gauging and measuring connections.
§ 154.538 Cargo transfer connection.
§ 154.540 Quick-closing shut-off valves: Emergency shut-down system.
§ 154.544 Quick-closing shut-off valves.
§ 154.546 Excess flow valve: Closing flow.
§ 154.548 Cargo piping: Flow capacity.
§ 154.550 Excess flow valve: Bypass.
Cargo Hose
§ 154.551 Cargo hose: General.
§ 154.552 Cargo hose: Compatibility.
§ 154.554 Cargo hose: Bursting pressure.
§ 154.556 Cargo hose: Maximum working pressure.
§ 154.558 Cargo hose: Marking.
§ 154.560 Cargo hose: Prototype test.
§ 154.562 Cargo hose: Hydrostatic test.
Materials
§ 154.605 Toughness test.
§ 154.610 Design temperature not colder than 0 °C (32 °F).
------------------------------------------------------------------------ Material Thickness Test Temperature------------------------------------------------------------------------t[le]20 mm (0.788 in.)......................... 0 °C (32 °F)20< t<30 mm (1.182 in.).................. -20 °C (-4 °F)30< t<40 mm (1.576 in.).................. -40 °C (-40 °F)------------------------------------------------------------------------
§ 154.615 Design temperature below 0 °C (32 °F) and down to −55 °C (−67 °F).
§ 154.620 Design temperature below −55 °C (−67 °F) and down to −165 °C (−265 °F).
§ 154.625 Design temperature below 0 °C (32 °F) and down to −165 °C (−265 °F).
§ 154.630 Cargo tank material.
Construction
§ 154.650 Cargo tank and process pressure vessel welding.
§ 154.655 Stress relief for independent tanks type C.
§ 154.660 Pipe welding.
§ 154.665 Welding procedures.
Cargo Pressure and Temperature Control
§ 154.701 Cargo pressure and temperature control: General.
§ 154.702 Refrigerated carriage.
§ 154.703 Methane (LNG).
§ 154.705 Cargo boil-off as fuel: General.
§ 154.706 Cargo boil-off as fuel: Fuel lines.
§ 154.707 Cargo boil-off as fuel: Ventilation.
§ 154.708 Cargo boil-off as fuel: Valves.
§ 154.709 Cargo boil-off as fuel: Gas detection equipment.
Cargo Vent Systems
§ 154.801 Pressure relief systems.
§ 154.802 Alternate pressure relief settings.
§ 154.804 Vacuum protection.
§ 154.805 Vent masts.
§ 154.806 Capacity of pressure relief valves.
Atmospheric Control in Cargo Containment Systems
§ 154.901 Atmospheric control within cargo tanks and cargo piping systems.
§ 154.902 Atmospheric control within hold and interbarrier spaces.
§ 154.903 Inert gas systems: General.
§ 154.904 Inert gas system: Controls.
§ 154.906 Inert gas generators.
§ 154.908 Inert gas generator: Location.
§ 154.910 Inert gas piping: Location.
§ 154.912 Inerted spaces: Relief devices.
Electrical
§ 154.1000 Applicability.
§ 154.1002 Definition.
§ 154.1005 Equipment approval.
§ 154.1010 Electrical equipment in gas-dangerous space or zone.
§ 154.1015 Lighting in gas-dangerous space.
§ 154.1020 Emergency power.
Firefighting
§ 154.1105 Exterior water spray system: General.
§ 154.1110 Areas protected by system.
§ 154.1115 Discharge.
§ 154.1120 Nozzles.
§ 154.1125 Pipes, fittings, and valves.
§ 154.1130 Sections.
§ 154.1135 Pumps.
Firefighting System: Dry Chemical
§ 154.1140 Dry chemical system: General.
§ 154.1145 Dry chemical supply.
§ 154.1150 Distribution of dry chemical.
§ 154.1155 Hand hose line: Coverage.
§ 154.1160 Monitor coverage of system.
§ 154.1165 Controls.
§ 154.1170 Hand hose line: General.
Cargo Area: Mechanical Ventilation System
§ 154.1200 Mechanical ventilation system: General.
§ 154.1205 Mechanical ventilation system: Standards.
§ 154.1210 Hold space, void space, cofferdam, and spaces containing cargo piping.
Instrumentation
§ 154.1300 Liquid level gauging system: General.
§ 154.1305 Liquid level gauging system: Standards.
§ 154.1310 Closed gauge shut-off valve.
§ 154.1315 Restricted gauge excess flow valve.
§ 154.1320 Sighting ports, tubular gauge glasses, and flat plate type gauge glasses.
§ 154.1325 Liquid level alarm system: All cargo tanks.
§ 154.1330 Liquid level alarm system: Independent tank type C.
§ 154.1335 Pressure and vacuum protection.
§ 154.1340 Temperature measuring devices.
§ 154.1345 Gas detection.
§ 154.1350 Flammable gas detection system.
§ 154.1360 Oxygen analyzer.
§ 154.1365 Audible and visual alarms.
§ 154.1370 Pressure gauge and vacuum gauge marking.
§ 154.1375 Readout for temperature measuring device: Marking.
Safety Equipment
§ 154.1400 Safety equipment: All vessels.
§ 154.1405 Respiratory protection.
§ 154.1410 Decontamination shower.
§ 154.1415 Air compressor.
§ 154.1420 Stretchers and equipment.
§ 154.1430 Equipment locker.
§ 154.1435 Medical first aid guide.
§ 154.1440 Antidotes.
